• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2022

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of women's empowerment on the immunization of Indonesian children. The secondary objective was to examine the effect of wealth as a factor modifying this association. Methods: We utilized data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The subjects were married women with children aged 12-23 months (n=3532). Complete immunization was defined using the 2017 IDHS definition. Multiple components of women's empowerment were measured: enabling resources, decision-making involvement, and attitude toward intimate partner violence. The primary analysis was conducted using binomial logistic regression. Model 1 represented only the indicators of women's empowerment and model 2 controlled for socio-demographic variables. Subgroup analyses were conducted for each wealth group. Results: The primary analysis using model 1 identified several empowerment indicators that facilitated complete immunization. The analysis using model 2 found that maternal education and involvement in decision-making processes facilitated complete immunization in children. Subgroup analyses identified that wealth had a modifying effect. The indicators of women's empowerment were strong determinants of complete immunization in lower wealth quintiles but insignificant in middle-income and higher-income quintiles. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore women's empowerment as a determinant of child immunization in Indonesia. The results indicate that women's empowerment must be considered in Indonesia's child immunization program. Women's empowerment was not found to be a determinant in higher wealth quintiles, which led us to rethink the conceptual framework of the effect of women's empowerment on health outcomes.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2008

The study identifies gender stereotypes, examines the level of women's economic empowerment at the household level and explores the influence of factors on it. Data were collected from 159 randomly selected farm women using both qualitative and quantitative survey methods between January and March 2007 from three villages of the Mymensingh District of Bangladesh. Four key informants (2 local leaders and 2 development personnel) were questioned to elicit views in the light of boosting women's empowerment. Five constructs of empowerment covering 30 indicators were aggregated together to develop a cumulative economic empowerment index (CEEI) to obtain multidimensional views of women's empowerment. The findings show that there were some prejudices against women in allocating divisions of labour and access to education, food, property, decision-making and institutions. The distribution of the CEEI demonstrates that the majority of the respondents (86%) had a low to moderate level of empowerment. A multiple regression analysis showed positive significant effects of education, training, media contact and freedom of mobility on women's CEEI, while domestic abuse restrained it. It is concluded that interventions by development agencies in co-ordination with the local community was necessary to attain women's self-reliance in the study area. Development actors can undertake some core strategies to enhance women's level of awarencess, knowledge, skills, and productive resources through providing training, loans, and information. To change traditional beliefs, it is important to create awareness of various gender issues amongst rural people through different methods and media.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.643-655
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• 2021

This study investigated the effect of the Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) microfinancing on the economic, social, and household empowerment of women borrowers in Malaysia. The study used a quantitative approach based on primary data. For this study, the participants comprised 384 AIM borrowers from Terengganu, Kelantan, and Pahang in the east coast region of Malaysia. Purposive stratified random sampling was used as well as the Krejcie and Morgan method to count the number of samples. Descriptive statistics and the Women Empowerment Index (WEI) were used in the analysis. The study findings reveal that AIM microfinancing affects the economic, social, and household empowerment of women borrowers in Malaysia. However, in comparing the three categories, women enjoyed more freedom in social and household decision-making than in economic decision-making. The present study recommends policies for the successful and effective operation of microfinance programs by providing the necessary guidelines for the control of AIM loan for women borrowers; increasing income-generating activities, sufficient access of credit, and proper education for the borrowers; and giving economic freedom of choice with necessary skill training policymaking options for the government and NGOs with the aim to improve the total household income and empowerment of the microcredit borrowers in Malaysia.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.1029-1042
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the health care decision making of Ethiopian women at household level. Moreover it is to understand the factors that influence to potential customers in healthcare industry from the social quality level perspective. Methods: We used Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2005 & 2016, which provided data about currently married women aged 15-49 years (N=2003, N=2017, respectively). We performed a chi-square test, and a Pearson correlation and a logistic regression. Andersen model is considered as well. Results: This study revealed that the mobility decision making has an association with health care decision making of women. Furthermore, there is a moderate effect of an economic decision making of women. Lastly, the women's decision making empowerment level increase year by year. Conclusion: Health care industry has to consider potential costumers among women like in Ethiopia, whose decision making empowerment will enhance on their own healthcare in future. It is very important to figure out factors from the social quality management domain. It helps finding a new market from downstream approach. From this point, the impact of decision making of women empowerment has a significant implication from the holistic perspective.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.494-505
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self-empowerment and a existential spiritual well-being in pregnant women, and to provide the basic data for nursing intervention. The subjects were 182 women who visited 2 OBGY hospitals in Taegu, Korea and ranged in age from 21 to 40. The data was collected during the period from May 6th toMay 24th, 2002. The instruments were the revised existential spiritual well-being scale developed by Paloutzian and Ellison(1982). Originally the instruments were developed by Spreitzer(1995) and Jung Hea Joo(1998), who translated it into Korean. The data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Mean score of total empowerment was 3.72 and the subcategory 'meaning', had the highest score at 4.15. 2. Mean score of existential spiritual well- being was 4.16. 3. Existential spiritual well-being was positively related to self-empowerment (r=.400, P=000). 4. A significant statistical difference between education, religion and self-empowerment was found. 5. A significant statistical difference between hope of pregnancy and a existential spiritual well-being was found. 6. The most important variable affecting the existential spiritual well-being was meaning which accounted for 15% of the total variance in stepwise multiple regression analysed. Three variables, competence and hope of pregnancy accounted for 22% in existential spiritual well-being. From the results of the study, the following recommendations are presented : 1) Indeed, we should identify existential spiritual well-being for real meaning of spiritual well-being in future. 2) It is required to check the effect of existential spiritual well-being and self-empowerment through the repeated studies. 3) We need to take a serious view of the meaning affecting existential spiritual well-being in pregnant women.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.849-871
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• 2009

본 연구는 국제결혼이주여성의 문화적응성, 문화적차이, 임파워먼트 간에 관련성에 대해 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 연구결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 국제결혼이주여성의 동화와 분리의 문화적응성은 임파워먼트에 유의한 정의 영향을 미쳤다. 이에 비해서 결혼이주여성의 통합의 문화적응성은 임파워먼트에 유의한 부의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 국제결혼이주여성의 불확실성회피와 남성주의의 문화적차이는 임파워먼트에 유의한 정의 영향을 미쳤다. 이에 비해서 결혼이주여성의 개인주의의 문화적차이는 임파워먼트에 유의한 부의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 국제결혼이주여성의 문화적응성과 문화적차이는 임파워먼트에 유의한 정의 영향을 미쳤다. 국제결혼이주여성의 동화, 분리, 통합과 같은 문화적응성, 불확실성회피, 남성주의, 개인주의의 문화적차이 요인들은 임파워먼트와 밀접한 관련이 있는 요인들로 나타났다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2021

Objectives: The workplace is an ideal place for encouraging health-promoting behaviors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of an empowerment program on the health-promoting behaviors of women workers. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted with 80 women workers employed at a food packaging facility in 2020. The subjects were selected using convenience sampling and were classified into intervention and control groups using block randomization. An empowerment program for women workers was conducted across 6 sessions based on an empowerment model. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II, which participants completed both before the program and 8 weeks after the last session. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. Results: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in various health-promoting behaviors before the program. However, the intervention group's scores for nutrition (34.92±1.09 vs. 27.87±4.23), physical activity (24.40±2.94 vs. 17.40±5.03), stress management (26.35±2.60 vs. 23.05±4.27), spiritual growth (34.02±3.00 vs. 30.22±5.40), interpersonal relationships (30.82±2.38 vs. 27.60±4.61), and health responsibility (31.60±2.71 vs. 28.22±4.59) were significantly higher than the control group's 8 weeks after the program had ended. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the total score of health-promoting behaviors for the intervention group compared to the control group (179.00±9.22 vs. 151.42±20.25, p=0.001). Conclusions: An empowerment program for women workers led to significant improvements in the health-promoting behaviors of the participants. Similar programs can ultimately improve women's health in the workplace.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2019

본 연구는 결혼이주 베트남여성을 대상으로 부부친밀감, 배우자지지, 성적자율성 및 임파워먼트를 측정하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 자료수집은 2018년 5월부터 9월까지 한국남성배우자와 살고 있는 베트남 여성 119명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 자료의 분석은 ANOVA와 Pearson's correlation coefficient로 분석하였다. 부부친밀감은 $3.17{\pm}0.69$, 배우자지지 $3.45{\pm}0.94$, 성적자율성 $3.70{\pm}0.83$, 임파워먼트는 $3.41{\pm}0.57$이었고, 부부친밀감, 배우자지지와 성적 자율성 간에는 높은 정의 상관을 보였고(p<.001), 임파워먼트는 배우자지지와 성적자율성 간에 정적 상관을 보였다(p<.005). 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 결혼이주 베트남여성들의 임파워먼트를 높이기 위한 방안 모색 및 중재 프로그램을 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.528-543
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• 2016

본 연구는 사회적 기업에서 활동하는 결혼이주여성을 대상으로 구성한 역량강화 프로그램을 실험집단과 통제집단에게 실시하여 프로그램의 효과성을 검증하고자 하였다. 결혼이주여성에 대한 기본적인 사항 이해, 양육문제에 대한 합의 능력, 사회적 기업 및 기업문화에 대한 학습, 직장 내 갈등 및 스트레스 대처기제, 직무역량 향상을 위한 문제해결, 의미 있는 삶을 추구하는 결혼이주여성의 모습이라는 프로그램 목표를 갖춘 역량강화 프로그램을 개발, 각 10인으로 구성된 실험집단과 통제집단에게 실시하고 그 효과성을 살펴보았다. 검증결과, 사회적 기업에서 활동하는 결혼이주여성에 대한 역량강화 프로그램은 자아정체감, 자기효능감, 대처기제능력 및 사회적 문제해결에서 유의미한 효과가 나타나는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 연구결과에 따라 결혼이주여성 역량강화 프로그램에 대한 논의 및 정책적 제언이 소개되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a breastfeeding empowerment program and to investigate the effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program on self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding for primiparous women. Methods: The 5 session breastfeeding empowerment program was developed and a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experiment design was used. Fifty-five participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n=27) or the control group (n=28). Effects were tested using repeated measures ANOVA and $x^2-test$. Results: Scores for self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding of in the experimental group after program were significantly higher than 1week, 4weeks, 8weeks scores in control group. Conclusion: The effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program for elevating self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding in primiparous women were validated. Therefore, this program can be recommended for vigorous use in clinical practice.