Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Ginsenoside Content of North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L. Araliaceae) in Relation to Plant Development and Growing Locations

  • Jackson, Chung Ja C. (Guelph Center for Functional Foods, Laboratory Services, University of Guelph) ;
  • Dini, Jean-Paul (Guelph Center for Functional Foods, Laboratory Services, University of Guelph) ;
  • Lavandier, Clara (Guelph Center for Functional Foods, Laboratory Services, University of Guelph) ;
  • Faulkner, Harold (Guelph Center for Functional Foods, Laboratory Services, University of Guelph) ;
  • Rupasinghe, H.P. vasantha (Guelph Center for Functional Foods, Laboratory Services, University of Guelph) ;
  • Proctor, John T.A. (Department of Plant Agriculture (Horticultural Science), University of Guelph)
  • Published : 2003.09.01
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Abstract

North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) was analysed for total ginsenosides and ten major ginsenosides (R$_{0}$ , Rb$_1$, Rb$_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg$_1$, pseudoginsenoside F$_{11}$ and gypenoside XVII), and variations in ginsenoside content with age of plant (over a four-year-period) and geographic location (Ontario versus British Columbia) were investigated. In the roots the total ginsenoside content increased with age up to 58-100 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ dry weights in the fourth year, but in leaves it remained constant over time. Roots and leaves, moreover, had different proportions of individual ginsenosides. The most abundant ginsenosides were Rb$_1$ (56mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for Ontario; 37mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for British Columbia) and Re (21mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for Ontario; 15 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for British Columbia) in roots, and Rd (28-38 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ), Re (20-25 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ), and Rb$_2$ (13-19 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ) in leaves. Measurable quantities of Rf were found in leaves (0.4-1.8 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ) but not in roots or stems. Our results show that ginsenoside profiles in general, and Rf in particular, could be used for chemical fingerprinting to distinguish the different parts of the ginseng plant, and that ginseng leaves could be valuable sources of the ginsenosides Rd, Re, and Rb$_2$.

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