Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Nutritional Composition, Ginsenoside Content and Fundermental Safety Evaluation with Leaf and Stem Extract of Panax ginseng

인삼잎과 줄기 혼합 추출물의 영양성분, Ginsenoside 함량 및 기본적 안전성 평가

  • 한종현 (원광대학교 한의학전문대학원 한약자원개발학과) ;
  • 박성진 (한림성심대학 바이오식품) ;
  • 안종남 (축산기술연구소 축산물이용) ;
  • 위재준 (한국인삼연초연구) ;
  • 김기영 (원광대학교 한의학전문대학원 한약자원개발학) ;
  • 박성혜 (원광대학교 한의학전문대학원 한약자원개발학과)
  • Published : 2004.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the application possibility of leaf and stem extract (LSE) from the mixture of leaf and stem of Panax ginseng. This study measured the general nutritional composition, aminoacid minerals contents and fatty acid composition of LSE. We conducted analysis of the ginsenoside content by HPLC and the cell cytotoxicity tests in normal liver and kidney cells. The approximate composition of LSE was 2.51% of carbohydrate 0.53% of crude ash,0.20% of crude fat and 0.15% of crude protein, respectively. LSE contained 102.56 mg/100 g of K ion and high contents of acidic amino acids such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In addition to this, it contained all essential amino acids. The major compositions of fatty acids were 39.99% of palmitic acid 14.96% of linoleic acid, 13.31% of docosatetranoic acid and 12.91% of linolenic acid, The total ginsenoside was 0.82 mg/mL, and ratio of PD/PT was 0.68. Negative effects were not found from the results of the cell toxicity respection. These results imply that leaf and stem of Panax gineng could be used as possible food resources and functional food material and feed stuff.

인삼을 재배한 후 널리 이용되지 못하고 있는 잎, 줄기 등 인삼 부산물의 활용방안을 모색하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 이에 따라 인삼잎과 줄기를 혼합하여 추출한 추출물을 대상으로 일반 영양성분 함량, 무기질 함량, 아미노산 및 지방산 조성을 분석하고 세포독성에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 인삼잎, 줄기 혼합 추출물의 수분함량은 96.61%, 탄수화물 2.51%, 조회분 0.53%, 조지방 0.20% 및 조단백질이 0.15%이었다. 무기질 중 칼륨함량이 102.56 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았고 그 외 칼슘, 마그네슘, 나트륨, 인 및 철분, 망간, 아연, 구리도 함유되어 있었다. Glutamic acid와 aspartic acid 등 산성아미노산 함량이 높게 나타났고 필수아미노산이 모두 함유되어 있었다. 또한 불포화지방산 함량은 56.52%이었고 palmitic acid 함량이 39.99%로 가장 높았고, linoleic acid 14.96%, docosatetranoic acid 13.31%, linolenic acid 12.19%의 순이었다. 인삼의 총 ginenoside 함량은 0.82 mg/mL이 었고 PD/PT 함유 비율은 0.68이었다. 정상적인 간과 신장 세포의 생존율에는 negative effect를 나타내지 않았고 미토콘드리아와 라이소좀 수준에서 세포독성을 나타내지 않았다. 인삼잎, 줄기 혼합 추출물의 약리효능을 나타내는 gensenoside의 함량이 0.82 mg/mL로서 비교적 소량 함유되어 있으나 인삼 부산물의 활용차원에서 동물의 사료나 기능성 식품 재료로의 사용은 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 향후 동물실험 및 임상실험을 이용한 기능성 평가를 통해 확실하고 구체적인 활용방안의 모색이 요구되어진다.

Keywords

References

  1. 홍문화. 1980. 한국인삼사. 삼화인쇄주식회사, 서울. p 48.
  2. Brekhman II. 1957. Panax ginseng. Gosudarst Isdat et Med Lit, Leningrad. p 182.
  3. Shibata S, Fujita M, Itokawa H, Tanaka O. 1962. The structure of panaxadiol, a sapogenin of ginseng. Tetrahedron Lett 10: 419-421.
  4. Horhammer L, Wagner H, Lay B. 1961. Zur Kenntnis der Inhaltstoffe von radix Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Pharm Ztg 106: 1307-1313.
  5. Han BH. 1972. Current status of Korean ginseng research. Korean J Pharmacog 3: 151-152.
  6. Sanada S, Kondo N, Shoji J, Tanaka O, Shibata S. 1974. Studies on the saponins of ginseng (I). Chem Pharm Bull 22: 421-424. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.22.421
  7. Benishin GC. 1992. Actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on choline uptake in central cholinegic nerve endings. Neurochem Int 21: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(92)90061-U
  8. Saito H, Nishiyama N. 1988. Effect of ginseng and its saponins on experimental amnesis in mice and on cell cultures of neurons. 5th Int'l Ginseng Symp of Korean Ginseng Society. Seoul, Korea.
  9. Kikuchi Y, Sasa H, Kita T, Hirata J, Tode T. 1991. Inhibition of human ovarian cancer cell proliferation in vitro by $gin-senoside-Rb_2$ and adjuvant effects of cisplatin in vivo. Anticancer Drug 2: 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001813-199102000-00009
  10. Singh VK, Agarwal SS, Gupta BM. 1984. Immuno modulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract. 4th Int'l Ginseng Sym of Korean Ginseng Society. Seoul, Korea.
  11. Huo Y, Chen Y. 1988. The effect of Panax ginseng extrat on insulin and corticosteroid receptors. J Traditional Chinese Medicine 8: 293-295.
  12. Oura H, Hiai S. 1973. Physical chemistry of ginseng. Metabolism Disease 10: 564-569.
  13. Kim HY, Chen X, Gills CN. 1992. Ginsenoides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radical induced injury. Biochem Biophys 189: 670-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(92)92253-T
  14. Kang SY, Kim ND. 1992. The antihypertensive effect of red ginseng saponin and the endothelium-derived vascular relaxation. Korean J Ginseng Sci 18: 175-182.
  15. Ogita S, Samugawa K. 1994. Clinical effectiveness of Korea ginseng on patients with climateric disturbance. The Ginseng Review 18: 95-98.
  16. Saito H, Bao TT. 1984. Effect of red ginseng on mice exposed to various stress. 4th Int'l Ginseng Sym of Korean Ginseng Society. Seoul, Korea.
  17. Kim ND, Han BH, Lee EB, Kong JY, Kim MH, Jin CB. 1979. Studies of ginseng on the antistress effects. Korean J Pharmacog 10: 61-67.
  18. Brekhman II. 1976. Ancient ginseng and pharmacology. Symp of Institute of Gerontology. Lugano, Switzerland.
  19. Choi JH, Oh SK. 1983. Studies on the anti-aging action of Korea ginseng. Korean J Food & Nutr 12: 323-335.
  20. Mei B, Wang YE, Wu JX, Chen WZ. 1994. Protective effects of ginsenosides on oxygen free radical induced damages of cultured vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Yao Hsueh Hsuuh Pao 29: 801-808.
  21. Jung NP, Jin SH. 1996. Studies on the physiological and biochemical effects of Korea ginseng. Korea J Ginseng Sci 20: 431-471.
  22. Kim JH, Chang EJ, Oh HI. 2001. Effects of media and growth regulators on the growth and saponin production of ginseng root. J Ginseng Res 25: 130-135.
  23. Yang DC, Choi HY, Kim YH, Yun KY, Yang DC. 1996. Growth and ginsenoides production of hairy root via light energy. Korean J Ginseng Sci 20: 318-324.
  24. Park H, Park HS, Hong JU. 1986. Effect of high temperature and growth light intensity on fatty acid composition of Panax ginseng leaf. J Korean Agricultural Chemical Society 29: 366-371.
  25. Choi KJ, Kim MW, Kim DH. 1983. Fatty acid compositions of the various parts of ginseng plant. Korean J Food & Nutr 12: 357-363.
  26. Kim HJ, Jo JS, Nan SH, Park SH, Mhee KC. 1983. Free sugar distribution in ginseng plant and change of it's content in the root with dehydration. Korean J Ginseng Sci 7: 44-50.
  27. Chang HK. 2003. Effect of processiong methods on the saponin contents of panax ginseng leaf-tea. Korean J Food & Nutr 16: 46-53.
  28. Lee JW, Do JH. 2001. Antioxidative activity of ethanol extraction fraction from the Korean red tail ginseng. Korean J Food Sci Technol 33: 497-500.
  29. Zhang S, Takeda T, Zhu T, Chen T, Yao X, Tanaka Y, Okihara Y. 1990. A new minor saponin from the leaves of panax ginseng. Planta Med 56: 298-301. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960963
  30. Zhang S, Yao X, Chen Y, Cui C, Tezuka T, Kikuchi T. 1989. Ginsenoside La, a novel saponin from the leaves of panax ginseng. Chem Pharm Bull 37: 1966-1968. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.37.1966
  31. 한국식품공업협회. 2001. 식품공전. 문영사, 서울.
  32. Hwang JB, Yang MO, Shin HK. 1998. Survey for amino acid of medicinal herbs. Korean J Food Sci Technol 30: 35-41.
  33. Folch J, Lees M, Slane SGH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J Biol Chem 226: 497-509.
  34. Morrison WR, Smith LM. 1964. Preparation of fatty acid methylester and dimethylacetals from lipid with boron trifluoride-methanol. J Lipid Res 5: 600-608.
  35. Shin JY, Choi EH, Wee JJ. 2001. New methods for separation of crude ginseng saponins. Korean J Food Sci Technol 33: 166-172.
  36. Dnizot FD, Rita L. 1986. Rapid colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival. J Immunol Methods 22: 271-277.
  37. Kim DY. 1973. Studies on the brouning of the red ginseng. J Korean Agr Chem Soc 16: 60-66.
  38. Sekiya K, Okuda A. 1981. Purification of an antilipolytic substance from Panax ginseng. Symp of Ginseng Research Society. Wakan-Yaku, Japan.
  39. Yokozawa T, Sero H, Oura H. 1975. Effect of ginseng extract on lipid and sugar metabolism. Chem Pharm Bull 23: 3095-3099. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.23.3095
  40. Lee SD. 1985. A study on the change of cholesterol contents by supplement of the panax ginseng by products in the dietary protein level in rat's heart and testis. Korean J Chemistry 2: 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02697550
  41. Lee JW, Lee SK, Do JH. 2002. Comparison of the content of saponin and mineral component in Korean red ginseng and other red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 26: 196-201. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2002.26.4.196
  42. Lee HJ, Yoo BS, Byun SY. 2000. Differences in free anino acids between Korean ginsengs and mountain ginsengs. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng 15: 323-328.
  43. Choi KJ, Kim MW, Kim DH. 1985. Studies on the lipid components of various ginseng. Korean J Ginseng Sci 9: 204-212.
  44. Sohn KM, Sung TS, Cho YJ, Lee KS, Choi C. 1988. Lipids and free sugar composition in ginseng classified by years. J Korean Agri Chem Soc 31: 169-176.
  45. Ko YS, Chung BS. 1981. Studies on the oil soluble constituents of Korean ginseng. Korean J Food Sci Techonol 13: 15-19.
  46. Yang HC. 1977. Studies on the saponin of ginseng leaves. Research Paper in Chungnam University 8: 117-121.
  47. Nam KY, Park JD. 2000. Usage and dosage of ginseng radix based upon traditional and recent scientific clinical applications. J Ginseng Res 24: 99-105.

Cited by

  1. Efficacy of orally administered ginseng stem and leaf in chickens vol.55, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.2015.55.1.1
  2. Quality Characteristics of Cookies Added with Ginseng Leaf vol.30, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2014.30.6.679
  3. Quality Characteristics of Madeleine Added with Organic Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Leaf vol.45, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.5.717
  4. Ginsenoside profiles and related gene expression during foliation in Panax ginseng Meyer vol.38, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.001
  5. Quality Characteristics of Yakgwa Added with Ginseng Fruit, Leaf and Root vol.42, pp.12, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.12.1981
  6. Yield and Quality Characteristics of Ginseng's First Byproducts vol.19, pp.5, 2011, https://doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2011.19.5.313
  7. Quality Characteristics of Muffins Added with Ginseng Leaf vol.30, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2014.30.3.333
  8. 흰쥐의 외과적 창상에 대한 Ginsenoside Rg1의 치료효과 vol.39, pp.10, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.10.1452
  9. ICR 마우스를 이용한 귀비탕 열수 추출물의 단회투여 독성 실험 vol.23, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.15204/jkobgy.2010.23.4.047
  10. 지황 품종의 부위별 Aucubin, Catalpol, GABA 함량 vol.25, pp.1, 2004, https://doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2017.25.1.16
  11. Antioxidant activities of flower, berry and leaf of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer vol.52, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.9721/kjfst.2020.52.4.342
  12. Retraction to: Inhibitory activity against biological enzyme and anti-microbial activity of phenolics from Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula Leaves vol.64, pp.2, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2021.063
  13. Comprehensive comparison of nutritional constituents and antioxidant activity of cultivated ginseng, mountain-cultivated ginseng, and whole plant parts of mountain-cultivated ginseng vol.64, pp.4, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2021.064