Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지

Distribution of Cyanotoxin Microcystin-LR in Han River System and Ecological Park in Seoul and Kyunggi Districts

서울 경기지역의 공원 연못 및 한강 수계내 조류독소 Microcystin-LR의 분포

  • Suh, Mi-Yeon (Department of Environmental Science, Hanyang University,) ;
  • Kim, Baik-Ho (Department of Life Science, Hanyang University) ;
  • Han, Myung-Soo (Department of Environmental Science, Hanyang University, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University)
  • 서미연 (한양대학교 환경과학과, 서울시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 김백호 (한양대학교 생명과학과) ;
  • 한명수 (한양대학교 환경과학과, 한양대학교 생명과학과)
  • Published : 2005.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To determine the content of hazard microcystin (MC) in Han River system and Ecological Ponds in Seoul City and Kyunggi district, a most toxic derivative, microcystin-LR (MCLR) of 15 samples of 7 ponds, 4 rivers and 4 reservoirs during low precipitation and cold season in 2003 were analyzed by ELISA method. With the change of water temperature ($0.4\;{\sim}\;21.9^{\circ}C$), cyanobacteria including Microcystis aeruginosa dominated the cold phytoplankton community in small ecological ponds such as Kyungbokgung Kyunghyaeru (KBP), Seokchon reservoir (SCR), Yangsoori Ryukgakji (YSS), having the long residence time. Contents of MCLR (the detection limit; $0.05\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) were high in cyanobacteria-rich sites, especially, Microcystis aeruginosa. Total MCLR, cell extracted type plus dissolved type, were $1.39\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ in KBP, $0.55\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ in SCR and $0.59\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ in YSS, in the first sampling having a high temperature (>$20^{\circ}C$), while some detected only in YSS during the cold season. As expected, the MCLR content was correlated with Microcystis aeruginosa (r = 0.526 for cell extracted type, r = 0.433 for dissolved type). Therefore, low concentration of MCLR detected in small ponds and Han river system in Seoul metropolitan city and Kyunggi district, maybe hardly affect human recreation activity, especially the drinking water supply.

서울 경기지역 공원 연못 및 한강 수계내의 수중 조류독소 Microcystin (MC)의 분포를 파악하기 위하여, 수도권 공원 연못 7개소, 한강수계 4개소, 경안천 1개소, 양수리 육각지 1개소, 대조군 2개소를 포함 총 15개 지점을 대상으로 강우가 적은 저온기 동안, 3차례에 걸쳐 수중내 환경요인, 조류 현존량, 조류 독소량을 조사하였다. 조류독소는 유도체중 가장 독성이 강한 Microcystin-LR (MCLR)만을 대상으로 하였으며 ELISA법으로 분석하였다. 조사기간 동안 수온($0.4\;{\sim}\;21.9^{\circ}C$)을 비롯한 대부분의 환경요인들은 계절성과 지역성이 뚜렷하였다. 조류 현존량은 수온 변화에 민감하였고 (r = 0.307), Microcystis aeruginosa를 포함하여 남조류는 경복궁 경회루, 석촌호수. 양수리 육각지 등에서 우점하였다. 조류독소 MCLR (측정한계 $0.05\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) 는 남조 Microcystis aeruginosa출현이 높았던 지점에서 높게 검출되었으며, 조체성과 용존성을 합한 총 MCLR은 1차조사시 경복궁 경회루 ($1.39\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), 석촌호수($0.55\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), 양수리 육각지 ($0.59\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$)에서 각각 높게 나타났으나,2, 3차 조사에서는 양수리 육각지에서만 검출되었다. 남조류 총현존량은 조류 현존량 (r = 0.066)이나 엽록소 a량(r = -0.058)과는 낮은 관계를보였으며, M. aeruginosa 현존량(r = 0.766)과는 매우 높은 관계를 나타냈다. 조류독소 MCLR은 남조 M. aeruginosa 현존량이 높았던 지점에서 높게 검출되었다(조체성: r = 0.526, 용존성: r = 0.433).따라서, 서울, 경기지역 공원 연못이나 한강수계의 조류독소는 주로 정체성 연못에서 남조 Microcystis aeruginosa에 의해 형성되지만, 여가활동이나 상수원 공급에는 위험성이 낮은 것으로 판단되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. 김범철, 김은경, 표동진, 박호동, 허우명. 1995. 국내호수에서의 남조류 독소발생. 한국수질보전학회지. 11: 231-237
  2. 김범철, 김호섭, 박호동, 최광순, 박종근. 1999. 국내 호수에서 발생한 남조류의 microcystin 함량과 독성평가. 한국육수학회지 32: 288-294
  3. 서미연, 김교붕, 김린태, 길혜경, 유승성, 김두래, 윤호균, 류동구, 이종현, 배경석, 김민영. 2000. 한강하류의 부영양화에 관한 환경생태적 연구. 서울시보건환경연구원보. 36: 361-367
  4. 서미연, 김백호, 배경석, 한명수. 2005. 한강 하류의 남조류 및 환경요인의 년간 (2000-2003)변화에 대하여. 한국육수학회지 38: 315-321
  5. 윤춘경, 황순진, 김호섭, 정광욱, 구원석, 유경아. 2004. 경복궁 수환경조사 보고서. 문화재청 경복궁관리사무소
  6. 조항문, 임경미, 김미형, 심효석. 2001. 서울시 도시공원내 연못 수질관리 방안. 서울시정개발연구원. 171
  7. 최병욱, 노영호, 이종수. 1997. 한국산 남조류 Microcystis로부 터 생산된 Microcystin 구조와 생물활성에 관한 연구. 공업화학 8: 610-616
  8. 한양대학교. 2002. 석촌호수 수질관리 종합대책에 관한 연구 용역보고서. 한양대학교 자연과학연구소
  9. 환경부. 2004. 수질오염공정시험방법
  10. Abe, T.H. 1981. Studies on the order Peridinidae an unfinished monograph of the armoured dinoflagellata. The Nippon Printing and Publishing Co., Tokyo
  11. Akiyama, M.T., K. Loiya, H. Imahori, S. Kasaki, H. Kumano, E. Kobayashi, K. Yakahashi, M. Tsumura, H. Hirano, T. Hirose and Yamagishi. 1981. Illustration of the Japaness Freshwater Algae. Uchidarockakuho Publishing Co., Tokyo
  12. Bagchi, S.N. 1996. Cyanobacterial toxins. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 55: 715-727
  13. Carmichael, W.W. and R.S. Saffermann. 1992. A status report on planktonic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and their toxins. EPA/600/R92/079
  14. Carmichael, W.W. 1994. An overview of toxic cyanobacteria research in the united states. In Toxic cyanobacteria: current status of research and management. Ed. Steffensen D.A. and Nicholson B.C. Australian Center for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australia
  15. Carmichael, W.W., V.R. Beasley, D.L. Bunner, J.N. Eloff, I. Falconer, P. Gorham, K-I. Harada, T. Krishanmurthy, M.-J. Yu, R.E. Moore, K.L. Rinehart, M. Runnegar, O. M. Skulberg and M.F. Watanabe. 1988. Naming of heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 26: 971-973 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(88)90195-X
  16. Codd, G.A. 1994. Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in lake Alexandrina, South Australia-Learning from history. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 45:731-736 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9940731
  17. Cox, E.J. 1996. Identification of freshwater diatom from live material. Chapman & Hall. London
  18. Kaya, K. and T. Sano. 1999. Total microcystin determination using erythro-2-methyl-3-(methoxy-$d_3$)-4-Phenylbutyric acid (MMPB-$d_3$) as the internal standard. Anal. Chim. Acta. 386: 107-112 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00012-4
  19. Kim, B.H. and S.O. Hwang. 2004. The structure of the plankton community and the cyanobacteria bloom during the rainy season in mesoeutrophic lake (Lake Juam), Korea. Kor. J. Sanit. 19: 51-59
  20. Kotak, B.G., A. K-Y. Lam and E.E. Prepas. 1995. Variability of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR in hypereutrophic drinking water lakes. J. Phycol. 31: 248-263 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1995.00248.x
  21. Krishnamurthy, T., W.W. Carmichael and E.W. Sarver. 1986. Investigations of freshwater cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae) toxic peptides. I. Isolation, purification and characterization of peptides from Microcystis viridis. Tetrahedron Lett. 26: 4695-4698 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)94926-8
  22. Kuiper-Goodman, S. Tine, H. Gupta, Combley and B.H. Thomas. 1994. Microcystins in drinking water. Risk assessment and derivation of a possible guidance value for drinking water. In Toxic cyanobacteria : current status of research and management. Ed. D.A. Steffensen and B.C. Nicholson. Australian Center for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australia
  23. Lee, J.A., V.C. Srivastava, A.R. Choi, W. Kim and M.J. Park. 1998. Composition of microcystin from cyanobacteria water blooms of the Sonatong Reservoir, Korea. Kor. J. Limnol. 31: 251-257
  24. Nagata, S., T. Tsutusmi, A. Hasegawa, F. Yoshida and Y. Ueno. 1997. Enzyme Immunoassay for direct determination of microcystins in environmental water. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Int. 80: 408-417
  25. NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 1998. A survey on the blue-green algal toxins in the Naktong River and toxin removal approaches. Seoul, Korea. 300pp
  26. Park, M.J., I.Y. Hwang, A.R. Choi and J.A. Lee. 1996. A study on the blue-green algal toxin of the Sonaktong Reservoir. Algae. 11: 149-154
  27. Srivastava, V.C., A.R. Choi, W. Kim and J.A. Lee. 1999. Horizontal and vertical distribution of protein phosphatase inhibitions of microcystin class in the Naktong River, Korea. Algae. 14: 67-72
  28. Vasconcelos, V.M., K. Sivonen, W.R. Evans., W.W. Carmichael and M. Namikoshi. 1996. Hepatotoxic microcystin diversity in cyanobacteria blooms collected in Portuguese Freshwaters. Wat. Res. 30: 2377-2384 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(96)00152-2
  29. Watanabe, M.F., K.-I. Harada, K. Matsuura, M. Watanabe and M. Suzuki. 1989. Heptapeptide toxin production during the batch culture of two Mcrocystis species (cyanobacteria). J. Appl. Phycol. 1: 161-165 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003879
  30. Watanabe, M.F., K.-I. Harada, W.W. Carmichael and H. Fujiki. 1996. Toxic Microcystis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
  31. WHO. 1998. Guidelines for drinking water quality, addendum to volume 1: Recommendations. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
  32. Yasuno, M., Y. Sugaya, K. Kaya and M.M. Watanabe. 2000. Variations in the toxicity of Microcystis species to Moina macrocopa. In: Watanabe, M.M., Kaya, K. (Eds.), Advances in Microalgal and Protozoal Studies in Asia. Global Environmental Forum, Tsukuba, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, pp. 43-51
  33. Yoo, R.S., W.W. Carmichael, R.C. Hoehn and S.E. Hrudey. 1994. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algal) toxins: a resource guide. AWWARF, Denver, USA