Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지

Characteristics of Breeding Bird Community in Relation to Altitude and Vegetation in Jirisan National Park

지리산국립공원 해발고도와 식생에 따른 번식기 조류군집의 특성

  • Lee, Do-Han (Geum River Basin Environmental Office) ;
  • Kwon, Hye-Jin (Department of Forest Resources, Chungnam National Univ.) ;
  • Song, Ho-Kyung (Department of Forest Resources, Chungnam National Univ.)
  • Published : 2008.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of breeding bird community in relation to altitude and vegetation in Jirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 4 study sites by point counts method to figure out habitat environment and breeding bird community from March to August in 2006. The study results are summarized as follows: Total 32 species were recorded, and 27 species and density of 37.31 ea/ha in low altitude mixed forest, 23 species and 34.99 ea/ha in low altitude deciduous forest, 18 species and 23.95 ea/ha in high altitude mixed forest, 19 species and 20.21 ea/ha in high altitude deciduous forest, respectively. Eleven species were observed only in the low altitude sites, 4 species were observed only in the high altitude sites. Number of species and density were high in the low altitude sites, and they were high in the mixed forests. In nesting guild analysis, the low altitude sites are similarly found species number of three types but canopy nesting species in the high altitude sites are advent less. In foraging guild analysis, the species number of canopy foraging appeared most highly in all study sites. In the difference analysis of each species density. Four species which are showed the difference in the low altitude sites, owing to vegetation. Long-tailed Tit(Aegithalos caudatus) and Great tit(Parus major) are difference because of difference in volume of canopy layer, and Coal Tit(Parus ater) was difference because of coniferous forest preference quality. Four species(Hazel Grouse, Winter Wren, Pale Thrush, Yellow-throated Bunting) which are showed the difference of the density in the high altitude sites because of thick growth of the bush layer. Ten species which are showed the difference in study sites, owing to altitude. Oriental Cuckoo(Cuculus saturatus), Winter Wren(Troglodytes troglodytes), Siberian Blue Robin(Luscinia cyane), Arctic Warbler(Phylloscopus borealis), Coal Tit(Parus ater), and Yellow-throated Bunting(Emberiza elegans) appeared highly in the high altitude sites, Pale Thrush(Turdus pallidus), Long-taild Tit(Aegithalos caudatus), Varied Tit(Parus varius), and Eurasian Nuthatch(Sitta europaea) appeared highly in the low altitude sites. It seems that bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer total coverage volume do influences on the breeding bird community, because the bush layer was thick growth, and canopy layer coverage volume was difference. It would be needed the management and maintenance of bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer with multi-layer structure to increase foliage height diversity and total coverage volume for the protection and management of bird community in Jirisan National Park.

본 연구는 지리산국립공원의 해발고도와 식생에 따른 번식기 조류군집특성을 파악하기 위해 실시하였다. 조사를 위하여 고도와 식생에 따라 4개 조사구를 선정하고 2006년 3월부터 8월까지 번식기 조류군집과 서식지환경조사를 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 전체 조사지에서 관찰된 조류 종수는 총 32종으로 각 조사구별 관찰 종수 및 밀도는 고도가 낮은 혼효림 조사구에서 27종, 37.31마리/ha, 고도가 낮은 활엽수림 조사구에서 23종, 34.99마리/ha, 고도가 높은 혼효림 조사구에서 18종, 23.95마리/ha, 고도가 높은 활엽수림 조사구에서 19종, 20.21마리/ha이었다. 고도가 낮은 지역에서만 관찰된 종은 11종(멧비둘기, 검은등뻐꾸기, 직박구리, 호랑지빠귀, 붉은머리오목눈이, 숲새, 산솔새, 쇠솔딱새, 큰유리새, 박새, 동박새)이었으며, 고도가 높은 지역에서만 관찰된 종은 4종(들꿩, 매사촌, 두견이, 흰배멧새)이었다. 조류 종수와 밀도는 고도가 낮은 지역과 혼효림에서 높게 나타났다. 영소길드는 고도가 낮은 지역은 3가지 유형의 종수가 비슷하게 나타났으며, 고도가 높은 지역은 수관층 영소길드의 종수가 적게 나타났다. 채이길드는 모든 조사구에서 수관층 채이길드의 종이 가장 높게 나타났다. 종별 밀도의 조사구별 차이분석에서 식생에 따른 밀도의 유의적 차를 나타낸 종은 고도가 낮은 지역에서 4종으로 그 중 오목눈이와 박새는 수관층의 피도량의 차이, 진박새는 침엽수서식지 선택 특성에 따른 것이었다. 고도가 높은 지역에서 5종은 관목층 수목의 밀생에 따른 것으로 조사되었다. 고도에 따른 밀도의 유의적 차를 나타내는 종은 10종으로 벙어리뻐꾸기, 굴뚝새, 쇠유리새, 쇠솔새, 진박새, 노랑턱멧새는 고도가 높은 지역에서, 흰배지빠귀, 오목눈이, 곤줄박이, 동고비는 고도가 낮은 지역에서 밀도가 높게 나타났다. 지리산 번식조류군집 분포는 관목층의 밀생과 수관층의 총피도량 차이에 영향을 받는 것으로 보여진다. 그러므로 관목층의 피도량과 수관층의 엽층다양성 및 총피도량 관리 및 유지가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. 박찬열, 이우신(2001) 팔달산 조류 군집의 특징. 한국환경생태학회 15(3): 267-275
  2. 원병오(1981) 한국동식물도감 제25권 동물편(조류생태). 문교부, 1126pp
  3. 이우신, 구태회, 박진영(2000) 야외원색도감 한국의 새. LG 상록재단, 320pp
  4. 조기현(1996) 광릉 지역 활엽수 천연림과 침엽수 조림지의 서식지 구조와 조류군집과의 관계. 서울대학교 석사학위논문, 60pp
  5. 한국자연보존협회(1993) 지리산 북부지역일대 종합 학술조사 보고서. 25pp
  6. 羽田健三, 中村登流(1967) 志賀高原おたの申すの平 における 鳥類群集の生態學的 硏究. Bull. Inst. Natural Educ. Shiga Heights. Shinshu Univ., 6: 17-34
  7. 李宇新(1990) 森林環境構造と鳥類のニッチに關する硏究. 北海道大學 博士學位論文, 116pp
  8. 中村登流(1970) 日本におけるカラ類群集構造の硏究II. 山階鳥硏報 6(1): 141-169
  9. Beedy, E. C.(1981) Bird communities and forest structure in the Sierra Nevada of California. Condor 83: 97-105 https://doi.org/10.2307/1367415
  10. Bell, H. L.(1982) A bird community of New Guinean lowland rainforest 3 vertical distribution of the avifauna. Emu 82: 143-162 https://doi.org/10.1071/MU9820143
  11. Bibby, C. J., N. D. Burgess, D. A. Hill(1997) Bird census technique. Academic press limited, London, UK, 257pp
  12. Blake, J. G., W. G. Hoppers(1986) Influence of resource abundance on use of tree-fall gaps by birds in an isolated woodlot. Auk 103: 328-340
  13. Brown, J. H.(1981) Two decades of homage to Santa Rosalia: toward a general theory of diversity. American Zoologist 21: 878-888
  14. Dickson, J. G., C. A. Segelquist(1979) Breeding bird populations in pine and pine-hardwood forests in Taxas. J. Wildl. Manage 43: 549-555 https://doi.org/10.2307/3800371
  15. Ding, T. S., H. W. Yuan, S. Geng, Y. S. Lin, P. F. Lee(2005) Energy flux, body size and density in relation to bird species richness along an elevational gradient in Taiwan. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14: 299-306 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00159.x
  16. Estades, C. F.(1997) Bird-habitat relationship in a vegetational gradient in the Andes of Central Chile. Condor 99: 719-727 https://doi.org/10.2307/1370483
  17. Hino, T.(1985) Relationship between bird community and habitat structure in shelterbelts of Hokkaido, Japan. Oecologia 65: 442-448 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378921
  18. Hobson, K. A., E. Bayne(2000) Breeding bird communities in boreal forest of western canada: consequences of "unmixing" the mixedwoods. Condor 102: 759-769 https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0759:BBCIBF]2.0.CO;2
  19. Holmes, R. T., R. E. Bonney, S. W. Jr. Pacala(1979) Guild structure of the hubbard brook bird community: a multivariate approach. Ecology 60(3): 512-520 https://doi.org/10.2307/1936071
  20. James, F. C., Wamer N. O.(1982) Relationships betwin temperaate forest bird communities and vegetation structure. Ecology 63(1): 159-171 https://doi.org/10.2307/1937041
  21. Karr, J. R., R. R. Roth(1971) Vegetation structures and avian diversity in several new world areas. American Naturalist 105: 423-435 https://doi.org/10.1086/282735
  22. Lee, P. F., T. S. Ding, F. H. Hsu, S. Geng(2004) Breeding bird species richness in Taiwan: distribution on gradients of elevation, primary productivity and urbanization. J. Biogeography 31: 307-314 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00988.x
  23. Lomolino, M. V.(2001) Elevation gradients of species-density: historical and prospective views. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10:3-13 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00229.x
  24. MacArthur, R. H., J. W. MacArthur(1961) On bird species diversity. Ecology 42(3): 594-598 https://doi.org/10.2307/1932254
  25. MacArthur, R.H., H. Recher, M. Cody(1966) On the rdlation between Habitat selection and diversity. American Naturalist 100: 319-332 https://doi.org/10.1086/282425
  26. Martin. T. E.(1993) Nest predation among vegetation layers and habitat types: revising the dogmas. Am. Nat. 141: 897-913 https://doi.org/10.1086/285515
  27. Moss, D.(1978) Diversity of woodland song-bird populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 521-527 https://doi.org/10.2307/3798
  28. Newton, I., D. Moss(1977) Breeding birds of Scottish pinewoods. pp.26-34. In "Native pinewoods of Scotland", eds. by Bunce. R. G. H. and J. N. R. Jeffers. Inst. Terrestrial Ecology, Cambridge
  29. Rahbek, C.(1995) The elevational gradient of species richness: a uniform pattern? Ecography 18: 200-205 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00341.x
  30. Rahbek, C.(1997) The relationship among area, elevation, and regional species richness in neotropical birds. American Naturalist 149: 875-902 https://doi.org/10.1086/286028
  31. Reynolds, R. T., J. M. Scott, R. A. Nussbaum(1980) A variable circular- plot method for estimating bird numbers. Condor 82: 309-313
  32. Rosenzwing, M. L.(1992) Species diversity gradients: We know more and less than we thought. J. of Mammalogy 73: 715-730 https://doi.org/10.2307/1382191
  33. Rotenberry, J.T.(1985) The role of habitat in avian community composition: physiognomy or floristics? Oecologia 67: 213-217 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384286
  34. Roth, R. R.(1976) Spatial heterogeneity and bird species diversity. Ecology 57: 773-782 https://doi.org/10.2307/1936190
  35. Schultz, R. C., T. M. Isenhart, W. W. Simpkins and J.P. Colletti(2004) Riparian forest buffers in agroecosystems - lessons learned from the Bear Creek Watershed, central Iowa, USA. Agroforestry Systems 61: 35-50 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000028988.67721.4d
  36. Shannon, C. E. and W. Weaver(1949) The mathematical theory of communication. Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, 117pp
  37. SPSS(2000) SPSS for Windows 10.0.7. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL
  38. Terborth, J.(1973) On notion of Favourableness in plant ecology. American Naturalist 107: 481-501 https://doi.org/10.1086/282852
  39. Terborgh, J.(1977) Bird species diversity on an Andean elevational gradient. Ecology 58: 1007-1019 https://doi.org/10.2307/1936921
  40. Verner, J., T. A. Larson(1989) Richness of breeding bird species in mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra, California. Auk 106: 447-463
  41. Whittaker, R. H.(1952) A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol. Monogr 22: 1-44 https://doi.org/10.2307/1948527