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A Study on the Saponin Contents and Antioxidant Activity of the Ginseng and Extruded Ginseng by Using Different Solvents for Extraction

추출 용매에 따른 인삼과 압출 성형 인삼의 사포닌 함량 및 항산화 활성 연구

  • Kim, Sung-Hwan (Dept. of Food Science & Nutrition, Joongbu University)
  • 김성환 (중부대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2011.09.09
  • Accepted : 2011.11.11
  • Published : 2011.12.31

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in saponin content and antioxidant activity of crude ginseng and extruded ginseng by using different solvent extraction methods. Each of the fractions was first extracted by 80% ethanol followed by ether treatment to remove the lipid components. Water soluble components were separated by ethylacetate and water saturated butanol. Four fraction, including 80% ethanol, ethylacetate, butanol and water were obtained from crude and extruded ginsengs to analyze saponin content and antioxidant activity. Saponin content and antioxidant capacity of each of the four fractions were measured by LC/MS analysis and ORAC(Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assay, respectively. It was found that a major portion of saponin was present in ethyl acetate and water saturated butanol fractions. When extracted by 80% ethanol, ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were mostly found in crude ginseng, while ginsenoside Re and Rb1 were detected in extruded ginseng. Even though Rh1 and Rg3 were found in a very small quantity in crude ginseng, there was a significant quantity of both in extruded ginseng when extracted by 80% ethanol. Similar tendency was also observed in extruded ginseng fraction when extracted with ethyl acetate and butanol. In crude ginseng, the level of Rg1 was the highest among other ginsenosides upon extraction by ethyl acetate, while Rh1 and Rg3 were predominantly found by employing similar solvent extraction in the extruded ginseng. Also, Rg1, Re and Rb1 were also found in the extruded ginseng with small quantity. Rg1, Re and Rb1 were found in crude ginseng by butanol extraction, while Rb1 and Re were extracted from the extruded ginseng. Overall, there was no difference in the saponin content between crude ginseng and extruded ginseng when extracted by butanol and water, but twice as much of saponin was obtained by 80% ethanol extraction and 6 times more saponin were obtained in ethyl acetate fraction in the extruded ginseng. Antioxidant capacity of crude ginseng as determined by ORAC assay was higher in 80% ethanol(high in many different kinds of biological compounds) and water saturated butanol(high in polar saponin) fractions than the ethyl acetate and water fractions. No difference in antioxidant capacity was observed between crude and extruded ginseng. However, antioxidant capacity of ethyl acetate and water fractions in extruded ginseng was significantly higher than crude ginseng($P$ >0.05). All the fractions in both, crude and extruded ginseng possessed antioxidant capacity and even water fractions that contained almost no saponin had some antioxidant capacity. While determining correlation coefficient between fractions in extruded ginseng by Pearson correlation, it was observed that 80% ethanol fraction was in correlation with ethyl acetate($P$ >0.01) and ethanol($P$ >0.001) and in the case of ethylacetate, correlation was observed only with butanol fraction($P$ >0.05).

추출용매와 조작순서를 달리하여 원료인삼 및 압출성형 가공시 인삼의 사포닌 함량 및 항산화 정도의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 인삼과 압출성형한 가공 인삼의 80% 에탄올 엑기스, 에틸아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 수층 분획을 각각 얻은 후 LC/MASS를 사용하여 사포닌 함량을 조사하고 기존의 여러 가지 항산화 작용 측정 방법들의 오류를 없애고 더욱 정확한 결과를 낼 수 있는 대처 방안으로 선정된 ORAC 분석법에 의해 항산화 활성을 검토하였다. 검체 인삼 중 사포닌은 ginsenoside Rb1과 Rg1 및 Re를 주요 성분으로 다량 함유하고 있었으며, Rb2, Rc, Rd 등이 뒤를 이었고, 그밖에도 Rg3, Rh1가 미량 분포하고 있었다. 압출 성형 인삼의 경우 원료 인삼에 비해 전반적으로 사포닌 함량이 높았으며, 주로 ginsenoside Re와 Rb1 및 Re가 많았고, 그밖에 Rc, Rb2, Rg1, Rh, Rd 등이었으며, 특히 원료인삼에서 미량 존재하던 Rh1과 Rg3가 많이 증가함을 보였다. 이러한 현상은 압출인삼의 에틸아세테이트층과 부탄올층에서도 같은 경향을 보였다. 원료 인삼의 에틸아세테이트층에서는 Rg1 함량이 높았고, 압출인삼에서는 Rh1과 Rg3가 많이 용출되었으며, Rg1, Re, Rb1 등이 용출되었다. ORAC 분석법에 의한 항산화 활성 연구에서 원료인삼 중의 여러 생리활성 성분이 많이 함유되어 있는 80% 에탄올 추출 분획과 일반적으로 극성의 사포닌 성분을 많이 함유한 수포화 부탄올층의 항산화 활성은 에틸아세테이트층과 수층에 비해 높았으나, 압출성형과정을 거치더라도 유의성 있는 증가는 없었다. 그러나 압출성형과정을 거친 압출 인삼의 에틸아세테이트층과 수층 분획이 대조 원료인삼의 각각의 분획들에 비해 모두 유의성($p$ >0.05)있는 증가를 보였다. 또한 원료인삼과 압출 인삼의 80% 에탄올 추출 엑기스, 에틸 아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 수층 분획 모두에서 일정 수준의 항산화 활성을 나태내고 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 특히 인삼사포닌을 거의 함유하지 않은 원료인삼과 압출 인삼의 수층에서도 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 이는 인삼 중 항산화 활성은 에틸아세테이트 층으로 이행되는 폴리페놀 계통 성분 및 일부 비극성의 사포닌에 의한 것으로 추측되고 있으나, 모든 분획에서 나타난 것으로 보아 이들 외에 산성 다당체, 당단백질, 수용성 다당류, 말톨 등 다른 생리 활성 물질에 대한 연구가 요구된다.

Keywords

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