A Review Essay on Legal Mechanisms for Orbital Slot Allocation

정지궤도슬롯의 법적 배분기제에 관한 논고

  • Jung, Joon-Sik (Korea Aerospace University) ;
  • Hwang, Ho-Won (School of Air Transport, Transportation Logistics and Air & Space Law, Korea Aerospace University)
  • Received : 2014.05.30
  • Accepted : 2014.06.20
  • Published : 2014.06.30

Abstract

This paper analyses from the perspective of distributive justice the legal mechanisms for international allocation of orbital slots, which are of co-owned nature and thereby limited natural resources in outer space. The allocative function is delegated to the International Telecommunication Union. The Radio Regulation, amongst such other legal instruments as the Constitution and Convention, by which the ITU and contracting States thereof abides, dictates how the orbital positions are distributed. Thus, the RR is thoroughly reviewed in the essay. The mechanisms are in a broad sense categorized into two systems: 'a posteriori system' where the 'first come, first served' principle prevails; and 'a priori system' designed to foster the utilisation of the slots by those who lack space resources and are, in especial, likely to be marginalised under the former system. The argument proceeds on the premise that a posteriori system places the under-resourced States in unfavourable positions in the securement of the slots. In contrast with this notion, seven factors were instantiated for an assertion that the degradation of the distributive justice derived from the 'first come, first served' rule, which lays the foundation for the system, could be either mitigated or counterbalanced by the alleged exceptions to the rule. However, the author of this essay argues for counterevidences against the factors and thereby demonstrating that the principle still remains as an overwhelming doctrine, posing a threat to the pursuit of fair allocation. The elements he set forth are as in the following: 1) that the 'first come, first served' principle only applies to assignments capable of causing harmful interferences; 2) the interoperability of the principle with the 'rule of conformity' with the all the ITU instruments; 3) the viability of alternative registrations, as an exception of the application of the principle, on the condition of provisional and informational purposes; 4) another reference that matters in deciding the priority: the types of services in the TFA; 5) the Rule of Procedure H40 proclaiming a ban on taking advantage of coming first to the Register; 6) the technical factors and equity-oriented norms under international and municipal laws along with; 7) the changes of 'basic characteristics' of registered assignments. The second half of this essay illustrates by examining the relevant Annexes to the Regulation that the planned allocation, i.e., a priori system, bear the structured flaws that hinder the fulfillment of the original purpose of the system. The Broadcasting and Fixed Satellite Systems are the reviewed Plans in which the 'first come, first served' principle re-emerges in the end as a determining factor to grant the 'right to international recognition' to administrations including those who has not the allotted portions in the Plan.

본 논문은 인류가 공유해야 할 유한한 우주자원인 정지궤도(geostationary orbit)의 국제적 배분기제를 분배적 정의의 관점에서 분석한 것이다. 배분의 주체인 국제통신연합(ITU)은 체약국이 합의한 헌장 및 협약의 하위규정인 무선규칙에 의해 주파수와 궤도자원을 분배하고 있으므로 논문은 무선규칙을 세밀히 검토하는데 중점을 두었다. 현행 배분메커니즘은 크게 두 가지 원칙에 따른다. 하나는 먼저 등록한 행정청에 우선권을 주는 선착순 원칙('first come, first served' principle)에 의한 사후배분체제(a posteriori system)이고, 다른 하나는 선착순원칙을 적용할 경우 배제될 수 있는 국가(행정청)를 위해 미리 계획을 통하여 배분하는 사전배분체제(a priori system)이다. 논의는 우선 사후배분체제가 우주후진국에 불리하다는 확립된 관점을 전제로 출발한다. Philip De Man은 사후배분체제의 기저에 있는 선착순원칙에도 예외가 있다면서 이에 관한 7가지의 예를 들어 선착순원칙에 의한 배분적 정의의 형해화 가능성이 배제될 수 있음을 보여주려 시도한다. 하지만 본 논문은 그가 주장하는 각각의 논거에 대해 반박하고, 이를 근거로 여전히 선착순원칙이 대부분의 우주자원배분에 적용되고 있으며 따라서 배분적 평등의 실현에 걸림돌이 되고 있음을 보여준다. De Man이 주장하는 근거는 다음과 같다: 1) 선착순 원칙은 유해간섭을 일으키는 할당에만 적용된다; 2) 선착순 원칙 외에도 국제적 권리의 형성에는 규정합치성원칙(rule of conformity)이 상호 적용된다; 3) 선착순 원칙에 반해 정보목적 및 임시로 등록이 가능하다; 4) 선착순 원칙 외에도 서비스의 종류에 따른 우선순위가 존재한다; 5) 먼저 등록했다는 사실만으로는 이득을 볼 수 없도록 선언한 절차규정(Rule of Procedure)이 있다; 6) 선착순 원칙과 동등하게 적용되는 기술적 요소의 고려와 국제 및 국내법에 따른 평등원칙이 있다; 7) 할당의 기본성격(basic characteristics)에 변경이 있을 경우 선착순 원칙이 배제된다. 논의의 또 다른 부분은 우주후진국을 위한 사전배분체제마저도 그 본래의 목적을 달성할 수 없으며, 이를 가능케 하는 구조화된 메커니즘을 관련 무선규칙과 그 부속서의 면밀한 분석을 통해 밝혀낸다. 분석대상은 방송위성계획(Broadcasting-Satellite System) 및 고정위성계획(Fixed-Satellite System)에 따라 각 행정청이 자신의 할당을 국제적으로 등록하는 세부절차이며, 이 사전배분체제 에서도 선착순원칙이 압도하고 있음을 드러내면서 본 논문의 주장을 뒷받침한다.

Keywords

References

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