Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society (한국안광학회지)

The Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society (한국안광학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Relationship between Reading Speed and Blinking Rate according to Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration during Book Reading

종이책 독서 시 종색수차에 따른 읽기속도와 순목횟수의 상관관계

  • Kim, Se-il (Dept. of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Park, Mijung (Dept. of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Kim, So Ra (Dept. of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology)
  • 김세일 (서울과학기술대학교 안경광학과) ;
  • 박미정 (서울과학기술대학교 안경광학과) ;
  • 김소라 (서울과학기술대학교 안경광학과)
  • Received : 2015.08.13
  • Accepted : 2015.09.08
  • Published : 2015.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: The current study was performed to estimate the changes in reading speed and blinking rate according to different background colors when reading paper book and further investigate their correlation. Methods: Twenty-nine adults (10 males, 19 females) who consented to the present study and had no ocular disease, ocular surgery history showing normal binocular vision were participated into the study. The subjects were asked to read the novels with black letter printed on white, red, green and blue background for 15 min, respectively. Then, the reading speed per page and blinking rate per page were measured during reading and analyzed according to background colors. Results: Reading speed per page according to the background color showed a tendency to accelerate in the white and green background as the reading time increased however, it was almost unchanged in the blue background and rather decelerated in the red background. On the other hand, the blinking rate per page tended to decrease in all background as the reading time was increased however, the smallest reduction was shown in the red background. There was a correlation that the reading speed increased as the blinking rate decreased in all backgrounds and the best correlation was shown in the green background. Conclusions: From the results, a correlation between the increasing reading speed and the reducing blinking rate while reading paper book with same demand on accommodation and convergence was confirmed however, the change in blinking rate and reading speed was varied depending on the main wavelength of light. It might mean that the working speed and visual fatigue can be varied depending on the difference of main wavelength when doing near work. Thus, it can be suggested that the adjustment of working environment and conditions should be made according to the kind of required perception.

목적: 본 연구에서는 종이책 독서 시 바탕색에 따른 읽기속도와 순목횟수의 변화를 측정하고 이들의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구목적에 동의하고 안질환 및 안과적 수술경험이 없으며, 양안시가 가능한 성인 29명(남10, 여19)의 대상에게 백색, 적색, 녹색 및 청색바탕에 검은색 글씨로 구성되어 있는 소설을 각각 15분 동안 읽게 하였다. 독서 시 장당 읽기속도와 순목횟수를 측정하고 각 바탕색 별로 분석하였다. 결과: 바탕색에 따른 장당 읽기속도는 백색과 녹색바탕에서는 독서시간이 경과함에 따라 빨라지는 경향을 보였으나, 청색바탕에서는 거의 변화가 없었으며, 적색바탕에서는 오히려 느려짐을 알 수 있었다. 반면, 장당 순목횟수는 모든 바탕색에서 독서시간이 경과함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으나 적색바탕에서의 감소가 가장 적었다. 모든 바탕색에서 순목횟수가 감소할수록 읽기속도는 증가하는 상관관계를 보였으며, 녹색바탕의 경우 가장 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 결론: 본 연구결과 동일한 조절 및 폭주요구량을 가지는 거리에서의 독서 시 순목횟수가 감소할수록 읽기속도는 빨라지는 상관관계를 가짐을 확인하였으나 주 파장에 따라 순목횟수와 읽기속도의 변화는 달라짐을 알 수 있었다. 이는 근업 시 주 파장의 차이에 따라 작업의 속도와 시각피로도가 달라질 수 있음을 의미하므로 요구되는 인지의 종류에 따라 작업환경과 조건의 조정이 이루어져야 함을 제안할 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Hayes JR, Sheedy JE, Stelmack JA, Heaney CA. Computer use, symptoms, and quality of life. Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84(8):738-744.
  2. Borsting E, Chase C, Tosha C, Ridder WH 3rd. Longitudinal study of visual discomfort symptoms in college students. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(10):992-998. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31818883cd
  3. Conlon EG, Lovegrove WJ, Chekaluk E, Pattinson PE. Measuring visual discomfort. Visual Cogn. 1999;6(6):637-663. https://doi.org/10.1080/135062899394885
  4. Borsting E, Chase CH, Ridder WH 3rd. Measuring visual discomfort in college students. Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84(8):745-751. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31812f5f51
  5. Sheedy JE, Hayes JN, Engle J. Is all asthenopia the same? Optom Vis Sci. 2003;80(11):732-739. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200311000-00008
  6. Gowrisankaran S, Nahar NK, Hayes JR, Sheedy JE. Asthenopia and blink rate under visual and cognitive loads. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(1):97-104. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318236dd88
  7. Doughty MJ. Consideration of three types of spontaneous eyeblink activity in normal humans: during reading and video display terminal use, in primary gaze, and while in conversation. Optom Vis Sci. 2001;78(10):712-725. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200110000-00011
  8. Boos SR, Calissendorff BM, Knave BG, Nyman KG, Voss M. Work with video display terminal among office employees. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1985;11(6):475-481. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2207
  9. Yaginuma Y, Yamada H, Nagai H. Study of the relationship between lacrimation and blink in VDT work. Ergonomics. 1990;33(6):799-809. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139008927186
  10. Cho YA, Won JS, An GJ. The effect on the eye dryness of dye during VDT works. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 1996; 37(12):1991-1995.
  11. Listed NA. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the international Dry Eye Workshop. Ocul Surf. 2007;5(2):75-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70081-2
  12. Lee BJ, Hong JH, Jung DI, Park MJ. A study on the confidence of dry eye diagnosis methods. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2008;13(1):15-20.
  13. Toda I, Fujishima H, Tsubota K. Ocular fatigue is the major symptom of dry eye. Acta Ophthalmol 1993;71(3):347-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1993.tb07146.x
  14. Schlote T, Kadner G, Freudenthaler N. Marked reduction and distinct patterns of eye blinking in patients with moderately dry eyes during video display terminal use. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;242(4):306-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-003-0845-z
  15. Himebaugh NL, Begley CG, Bradley A, Wilkinson JA. Blinking and tear break-up during four visual tasks. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(2):106-114. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318194e962
  16. Patel S, Henderson R, Bradley L, Galloway B, Hunter L. Effect of visual display unit use on blink rate and tear stability. Optom Vis Sci. 1991;68(11):888-892. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199111000-00010
  17. Kim SI, Park M, Kim SR. Change of binocular vision induced by longitudinal chromatic aberration during near work. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2015;20(2):219-228. https://doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2015.20.2.219
  18. Rucker FJ, Kruger PB. Accommodation responses to stimuli in cone contrast space. Vision Res. 2004;44(25):2931-2944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.005
  19. Rucker FJ, Kruger PB. Cone contributions to signals for accommodation and the relationship to refractive error. Vision Res. 2006;46(19):3079-3089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.009
  20. Rucker FJ, Osorio D. The effects of longitudinal chromatic aberration and a shift in the peak of the middlewavelength sensitive cone fundamental on cone contrast. Vision Res. 2008;48(19):1929-1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.06.021
  21. Drew SA, Borsting E, Stark LR, Chase C. Chromatic aberration, accommodation, and color preference in asthenopia. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(7):E1059-1067. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31825da2f7
  22. Chase C, Dougherty RF, Ray N, Fowler S, Stein J. L/M speed matching ratio predicts reading in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84(3):229-236. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31803399df
  23. An OH. Living color design, 1st Ed. Seoul: Hyungseul Publishing. 1997;45-47.
  24. Portello JK, Rosenfield M, Chu CA. Blink rate, incomplete blinks and computer vision syndrome. Optom Vis Sci. 2013;90(5):482-487. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31828f09a7
  25. Orchard LN, Stern JA. Blinks as an index of cognitive activity during reading. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1991; 26(2):108-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691032
  26. Nielsen PK, Sogaard K, Skotte J, Wolkoff P. Ocular surface area and human eye blink frequency during VDU work: the effect of monitor position and task. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0661-y
  27. Sheedy JE, Gowrisankaran S, Hayes JR. Blink rate decreases with eyelid squint. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82(10):905-911. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000181234.63194.a7
  28. Recarte MA, Perez E, Conchillo A, Nunes LM. Mental workload and visual impairment: differences between pupil, blink, and subjective rating. Span J Psychol. 2008;11(2):374-385.
  29. Ryu K, Myung R. Evaluation of mental workload with a combined measure based on physiological indices during a dual task of tracking and mental arithmetic. Int J Ind Ergonom. 2005;35(11):991-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2005.04.005

Cited by

  1. Change of Blink Rate in Viewing Virtual Reality with HMD vol.10, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10090400
  2. Evaluating the Effects of Dry Eye Syndrome on Ocular Fatigue and Attentiveness vol.19, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17337/jmbi.2017.19.4.533
  3. A Study on the Correlation between Visual Abnormality and Reading Ability Variables vol.20, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17337/jmbi.2018.20.3.279
  4. Correlation Between the Type of Visual Function and Reading Ability by Tait-Wick and Duke-Elder Method vol.21, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.17337/jmbi.2019.21.1.11