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Formation of biogenic amines and bioactivities of Makgeolli under different fermentation conditions

발효조건에 따른 막걸리의 Biogenic Amines(BAs)의 생성과 생리활성

  • Kang, Seung Mi (Division of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Kim, Seon Jeong (Division of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Ko, Keon Hee (Division of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Nam, Sanghae (Division of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology)
  • 강승미 (경남과학기술대학교 식품과학과) ;
  • 김선정 (경남과학기술대학교 식품과학과) ;
  • 고건희 (경남과학기술대학교 식품과학과) ;
  • 남상해 (경남과학기술대학교 식품과학과)
  • Received : 2015.11.13
  • Accepted : 2016.03.08
  • Published : 2016.06.30

Abstract

Generation of biogenic amines (BAs) and physiological activities of Makgeolli, Korean rice wine, were investigated during fermentation under different temperatures (20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and time (3, 5, and 7 days). The pH was 3.96~4.36 during fermentation and the acidity increased proportionally with temperature and time. Alcohol and total phenolic contents peaked on day 5 at 25 by 9.0~9.8% and $3.01{\pm}0.07mg/g$, respectively. The organic acid mostly produced was lactic acid, which increased gradually with temperature and time. Formation of biogenic amines comprised of tryptamine and putrescine was observed during fermentation: 6.91, 11.70, and 15.63 mg/mL of tyramine on day 7 at 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Antioxidant activities from DPPH and FRAP assay were high in the order of $25^{\circ}C$>$20^{\circ}C$>$30^{\circ}C$ while that from ABTS assay was high regardless of temperature. Processed at 1 mg/mL and $30^{\circ}C$, the inhibitory effect on ${\alpha}$-amylase was $67.99{\pm}0.11$, $73.64{\pm}0.43$, and $75.51{\pm}0.26%$ on days 3, 5, and 7, respectively, which increased proportionally with temperature and time. Inhibitory activity on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was the highest in Makgeolli fermented on day 5 at $25^{\circ}C$. This study shows that fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days yields Makgeolli of the best quality with high bioactivities but no biogenic amines.

건강음료로서 품질이 우수한 막걸리 제조를 위하여 발효 온도와 시간을 달리하여 제조한 막걸리의 품질특성과 biogenic amines(BAs)의 생성 및 생리활성을 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 발효 중 pH는 3.96~4.36이었으며, 총산은 발효온도와 기간에 비례하여 증가하였다. 알코올 함유량은 발효 5일째에 9.0~9.8% 최대치를 보였으며, 총 페놀화합물의 함량도 $25^{\circ}C$, 발효 5일째에 $3.01{\pm}0.07mg/g$으로 가장 높았다. 유기산의 함량은 주로 lactic acid이었으며, 온도의 상승 및 발효기간에 비례하여 증가하였다. Biogenic amines(BAs)은 주로 tryptamine과 putrecine이었으며, tyramine은 발효 7일째에 20, 25 및 $30^{\circ}C$에서 각각 6.91과 11.70 및 15.63 mg/mL이 생성되었다. DPPH와 FRAP assay에 의한 막걸리 추출물의 항산화효과는 $25^{\circ}C$>$20^{\circ}C$>$30^{\circ}C$의 순이었으며, ABTS assay에 의한 항산화효과는 발효온도에 관계없이 DPPH와 FRAP assay 보다 비교적 높은 활성을 나타내었다. ${\alpha}$-Amylase 저해활성은 1 mg/mL 처리하였을 때 $30^{\circ}C$에서는 3, 5 및 7일차에 각각 $67.99{\pm}0.11$, $73.64{\pm}0.43$$75.51{\pm}0.26%$로 발효온도와 기간에 비례하여 활성이 증가하는 경향이었다. 지방전구세포의 lipid droplet 형성 억제 활성은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 5일간 발효하였을 때, 활성이 가장 좋았다. 위와 같이 막걸리의 발효조건별 시험 결과로 볼 때, 막걸리의 최적 발효조건은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 5일간 발효하였을 때 가장 품질이 우수한 막걸리를 제조할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

Keywords

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