Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Panax ginseng extracts prepared at different steaming times on thermogenesis in rats

  • Cho, Hyung Taek (Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University) ;
  • Kim, Jun Ho (Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University) ;
  • Lee, Jin Hyup (Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University) ;
  • Kim, Young Jun (Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University)
  • Received : 2016.05.30
  • Accepted : 2016.07.08
  • Published : 2017.07.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Panax ginseng (PG) has a long history of use in Asian medicine because of its multiple pharmacological activities. It has been considered that PG in a type of white ginseng may induce undesirable thermogenic effects, but not in a type of red ginseng. However, there is a lack of evidence about the correlation between ginsenoside and thermogenesis. Methods: We investigated the effects of PG with different ginsenoside compositions on body temperature, blood pressure, and thermogenesis-related factors in rats. Results: With increasing steaming time (0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h), the production of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides increased, whereas protopanaxatriol ginsenosides decreased in white ginseng. In both short- and long-term studies, administration of four ginseng extracts prepared at different steaming times did not induce significant changes in body temperature (skin, tail, and rectum) and blood pressure of rats compared to saline control. In addition, there were no significant differences in the molecular markers related to thermogenesis (p > 0.05), mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-$1{\alpha}$ and uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue, as well as the serum levels of interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrite among the treatment groups. Conclusion: These observations indicate that the potential undesirable effects of PG on body temperature could not be explained by the difference in ginsenoside composition.

Keywords

References

  1. Leung KW, Wong AS. Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature review. Chin Med 2010;5:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-5-20
  2. Park EY, Kim MH, Kim EH, Lee EK, Park IS, Yang DC, Jun HS. Efficacy comparison of Korean ginseng and American ginseng on body temperature and metabolic parameters. Am J Chin Med 2014;42:173-87. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X14500128
  3. Hong BN, Do MH, Her YR, Lee YR, Kang TH. The effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius on thermoregulation in animal models. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015;2015:1-8.
  4. Wang L, Lee T. Effect of ginseng saponins on cold tolerance in young and elderly rats. Planta Med 2000;66:144-7. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-11122
  5. Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. American ginseng: potential structureefunction relationship in cancer chemoprevention. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80:947-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.023
  6. Kang SY, Schini-Kerth VB, Kim ND. Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in the rat aorta. Life Sci 1995;56:1577-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00124-O
  7. Charkoudian N. Mechanisms and modifiers of reflex induced cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans. J Appl Physiol 2010;109:1221-8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2010
  8. Qi LW, Wang HY, Zhang H, Wang CZ, Li P, Yuan CS. Diagnostic ion filtering to characterize ginseng saponins by rapid liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012;1230:93-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.079
  9. Crestani CC, Tavares RF, Alves FH, Resstel LB, Correa FM. Effect of acute restraint stress on the tachycardiac and bradycardiac responses of the baroreflex in rats. Stress 2010;13:61-72. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890902927950
  10. Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK, Park JH. Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J Nat Prod 2000;63:1702-4. https://doi.org/10.1021/np990152b
  11. Lee SA, Jo HK, Im BO, Kim S, Whang WK, Ko SK. Changes in the contents of prosapogenin in the red ginseng (Panax ginseng) depending on steaming batches. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:102. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.102
  12. Van Le TH, Lee SY, Lee GJ, Nguyen NK, Park JH, Nguyen MD. Effects of steaming on saponin compositions and antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2015;39:274-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.01.006
  13. Nag SA, Qin JJ, Wang W, Wang MH, Wang H, Zhang R. Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo activities, structureeactivity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action. Front Pharmacol 2012;3:25.
  14. Rosenkranz-Weiss P, Sessa W, Milstien S, Kaufman S, Watson C, Pober J. Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by proinflammatory cytokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Elevations in tetrahydrobiopterin levels enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase specific activity. J Clin Invest 1994;93:2236-43. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117221
  15. Solinas G. Molecular pathways linking metabolic inflammation and thermogenesis. Obes Rev 2012;13:69-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01047.x
  16. Tansey EA, Johnson CD. Recent advances in thermoregulation. Adv Physiol Educ 2015;39:139-48. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00126.2014
  17. Sharma BK, Patil M, Satyanarayana A. Negative regulators of brown adipose tissue (BAT)-mediated thermogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2014;229:1901-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24664
  18. Kim JY, Pham DD. Sasang constitutional medicine as a holistic tailored medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009;6:11-9.
  19. Shim EB, Lee S, Kim JY, Earm YE. Physiome and sasang constitutional medicine. J Physiol Sci 2008;58:433-40. https://doi.org/10.2170/physiolsci.RV004208

Cited by

  1. Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer vol.23, pp.7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071824
  2. Panax ginseng root, not leaf, can enhance thermogenic capacity and mitochondrial function in mice vol.58, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2020.1756348
  3. Changes in the Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Tissue-Specific Distribution of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng During Flowering Stage Under Cold Stress vol.9, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.637324
  4. A Synergistic Anti-Diabetic Effect by Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 through Adipogenic and Insulin Signaling Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells vol.11, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041725