Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
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Physico-chemical, Nutritional, and Enzymatic Characteristics of Shiitake Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)

표고버섯 수확 후 배지의 이화학적, 영양적, 효소적 특성

  • Sung, Hwa-Jung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University) ;
  • Pyo, Su-Jin (Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University) ;
  • Kim, Jong-Sik (Department of Biological Science, Andong National University) ;
  • Park, Jong-Yi (Gyeongbuk Institute For Bio-Industry) ;
  • Sohn, Ho-Yong (Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University)
  • Received : 2018.06.04
  • Accepted : 2018.07.24
  • Published : 2018.11.30
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Abstract

In Korea, edible mushrooms are produced largely on commercial artificial media, so the annual production of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), as a by-product of the mushroom industry, is estimated at over 200 million tons. This SMS is assumed to contain abundant fungal mycelia and pre-fruiting bodies, as well as various nutritive and bioactive compounds that are presently discarded. This study examined the physico-chemical, nutritional, and enzymatic characteristics of uninoculated sterilized medium (USM) and SMS of shiitake mushrooms with the aim of developing a high-value added product from SMS. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were higher after the third SMS harvest ($SMS-A-3^{rd}$) than in USM or $SMS-A-1^{st}$. The contents of Ca, Mg, and P in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ were 2.95, 2.35, and 2.1-fold higher compared than in USM. No As or Cd was detected in USM or SMS. The pH, Brix, and acidity were 4.6, 20.0, and 1.4, respectively in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$, but 5.6, 6.0, and 0.0, respectively, in USM. These results suggest a highly active production of soluble components and organic acids in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$. The distinct color differences noted for USM, $SMS-A-1^{st}$, and $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ could be used as a mycelial growth indicator. Enzyme activity assays using the APIZYM system showed that SMS is a potent source of hydrolysis-related enzymes, especially esterase (C4) and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. Our results suggested that the SMS of shiitake has a high potential for use in environmental, agricultural, and stock-breeding industries, for example, as active ingredients for sewage treatment, waste-polymer degradation, and feed additives.

국내 식용버섯 생산은 인공배지에 의존하고 있으며, 버섯 수확후의 폐 배지는 년간 200만톤 이상이 부생되고 있다. SMS에는 다량의 버섯 균사체와 자실체가 포함되어 있으며, 상당량의 영양성분 및 생리활성물질이 잔존하고 있으나, 현재 특별한 용도없이 폐기되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 표고버섯 SMS의 고부가가치화를 위해 무접종 살균배지, 1차 SMS 및 3차 SMS의 이화학적, 영양적 및 효소적 특성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 3차 SMS에서는 대부분의 목질부가 표고버섯 균사체에 의해 분해되어, 미접종 살균배지 및 1차 SMS보다 높은 함량의 조단백, 조지질, 회분 함량을 나타내어 우수한 영양성을 나타내었으며, 미접종 살균배지보다 칼슘은 2.95배, 마그네슘 및 나트륨은 2.35배, 인은 2.1배 이상 높게 나타났다. 유해 중금속인 비소와 카드늄은 검출되지 않았다. 또한 3차 SMS의 경우 pH, brix와 산도는 각각 4.6, 20.0 및 1.4로 나타나, 1차 SMS 보다 가용성 물질 및 유기산의 증가가 월등함을 확인하였다. 무접종 배지와 수확횟수에 따른 SMS 분말 및 추출물의 색차는 유의적으로 변화되어 쉽게 구분가능하였다. 한편 APIZYM kit을 이용한 SMS의 효소 활성 평가결과, 평가한 19종의 효소 모두 우수한 활성을 나타내었으며, 특히 esterase (C4), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, ${\alpha}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, N-acetyl-${\beta}$-glucosaminidase, ${\alpha}$-mannosidase 및 ${\alpha}$-fucosidase는 매우 강력한 활성을 나타내었다. 본 연구결과는 표고버섯 SMS를 이용한 축산, 수산 사료 개발 및 환경정화, 고분자 분해 산업, 생물 전환 산업에 효율적으로 이용 가능함을 제시하고 있다.

Keywords

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_f0001.png 이미지

Fig. 1. Photography of (A) un-inoculated sterilized medium, (B) spent mushroom medium (SMS) after 1st harvest, (C) spent mushroom medium (SMS) after 3rd harvest, and (D) harvested shiitake.

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_f0002.png 이미지

Fig. 2. Microscopic photography (×800) of (A) un-inoculated sterilized medium, (B) spent mushroom medium (SMS) after 1st harvest, (C) spent mushroom medium (SMS) after 3rd harvest, and (D) harvested shiitake.

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_f0003.png 이미지

Fig. 3. Photography of enzyme detection using APIZYM Kit for the water extracts of (A) un-inoculated sterilized medium, (B) spent mushroom medium (SMS) after 1st harvest, and (C) spent mushroom medium (SMS) after 3rd harvest (Refer the list of enzymes for No. 2~No. 20 in Table 5).

Table 1. Color differences of un-inoculated sterilized medium, spent mushroom medium (SMS) and harvested shiitake

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_t0001.png 이미지

Table 2. Water content and nutritional analysis of un-inoculated sterilized medium, spent mushroom medium (SMS) and harvested shiitake

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_t0002.png 이미지

Table 3. Content of minerals in un-inoculated sterilized medium, spent mushroom medium (SMS) and harvested shiitake

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_t0003.png 이미지

Table 4. Physico-chemical characteristics of water extract of un-inoculated sterilized medium, spent mushroom medium (SMS) and harvested shiitake

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_t0004.png 이미지

Table 5. Differentiation of the various enzyme activities of the water extracts prepared from un-inoculated sterilized medium, spent mushroom medium (SMS) and harvested shiitake

SMGHBM_2018_v28n11_1339_t0005.png 이미지

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