Analytical Science and Technology (분석과학)

The Korean Society of Analytical Sciences (한국분석과학회)
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Physicochemical properties of deposited particles on surface of pine leaves as biomarker for air pollution

솔잎가지 표면에 침착된 입자상 물질의 물리화학적 특성 및 대기오염 지표로서의 가능성 고찰

  • Chung, David (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division) ;
  • Choi, Jeong-Heui (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division) ;
  • Lee, Jang-Ho (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division) ;
  • Lee, Soo-Yong (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division) ;
  • Lee, Ha-Eun (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division) ;
  • Park, Ki-Wan (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division) ;
  • Shim, Kyu-Young (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Chun (National Institute of Environmental Research, Natural Environment Research Division)
  • 정다위 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과) ;
  • 최정희 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과) ;
  • 이장호 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과) ;
  • 이수용 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과) ;
  • 이하은 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과) ;
  • 박기완 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과) ;
  • 심규영 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과) ;
  • 이종천 (국립환경과학원 환경자원연구부 자연환경연구과)
  • Received : 2018.10.08
  • Accepted : 2018.12.06
  • Published : 2018.12.25
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Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the degree of air pollution can be evaluated via examination of local plants. Selected sites included two parks in an industrial area, as well as two parks in an urban area. Selected plant samples comprised one-year-old pine shoot leaves. Leaves growing over 2 m from the ground were collected from over 10 pine trees. Leaf surface was analyzed for deposition of 14 trace elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including particle size and mass, surface imaging, precipitation-mediated particle removal rate, and concentration. Particle size ranged from 0.4 to $200{\mu}m$, and the volume percentage of particles ${\leq}10$ was 20 %. Deposited particle mass ranged from 0.450-0.825 mg, and precipitation-mediated removal rate ranged from 10.0-27.6 %. Trace element concentration, as measured by ICP/MS after microwave acid digestion, was 18.8-26.3 mg/kg As, 0.08-0.13 mg/kg Be, 0.06-0.08 mg/kg Cd, 4.91-17.8 mg/kg Cr, 5.26-405 mg/kg Cu, 1,930-2,670 mg/kg Fe, 3.03-28.1 mg/kg Pb, 26.9-42.8 mg/kg Mn, 2.66-10.4 mg/kg Ni, 4,560-8,730 mg/kg Al, 2,500-6,120 mg/kg Ba, 5.27-17.8 mg/kg Rb, 40.9-95.3 mg/kg Sr, and 4,030-8,260 mg/kg Zn. Concentration of PAHs, as analyzed by GC/MS/MS after liquid-liquid extraction and purification of deposited particles, ranged from 1.17 to 12.378 mg/kg for ${\Sigma}PAH_{16}$ and from 1.17 to 12.378 mg/kg for ${\Sigma}PAH_7$.

본 연구는 대기오염 영향에 따라 주변의 오염도를 식물로 평가할 수 있는 여부를 고찰하기 위한 연구이다. 국내 자생하는 소나무의 1년생 솔잎가지를 대상 평가지표로 선택하였으며, 채취지점은 공단지역 주변의 공원 2곳, 상대적으로 오염원이 적다고 예상되는 도시지역 공원 2곳을 선정하였다. 대상 채취지점에서 소나무 10 그루 이상에서 지상 2 m 이상의 솔잎가지를 채취하였다. 채취한 솔잎가지 표면에 침착된 입자상 물질에 대한 분석항목은 입도분포, 전자현미경의 표면촬영, 먼지제거율, 납 등 중금속, 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs) 유기물질이었다. 초음파를 이용하여 탈착시킨 침착된 입자상 물질의 입도는 $0.4{\mu}m{\sim}200{\mu}m$ 범위로 나타났고, $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 입도는 20 % 수준이었다. 솔잎가지에 침착된 입자상 물질의 양은 평균 0.636 mg (0.450 mg~0.825 mg) 이었고, 강수장치에의한제거율은 평균 18.8 % (10.0 %~27.6 %)로 나타났다. 고주파전처리장치로 산전처리한 후 ICP/MS로 측정한 입자상 물질의 중금속 농도는 As 18.8~26.3 mg/kg, Be 0.08~0.13 mg/kg, Cd 0.06~0.08 mg/kg, Cr 4.91~17.8 mg/kg, Cu 5.26~405 mg/kg, Fe 1,930~2,670 mg/kg, Pb 3.03~28.1 mg/kg, Mn 26.9~42.8 mg/kg, Ni 2.66~10.4 mg/kg, Al 4,560~8,730 mg/kg, Ba 2,500~6,120 mg/kg, Rb 5.27~17.8 mg/kg, Sr 40.9~95.3 mg/kg, Zn 4,030~8,260 mg/kg 범위이었다. 침착된 입자상 물질의 세척액을 액-액 추출 정제한 후 GC/MS/MS로 분석한 PAHs의 농도는 ${\Sigma}PAH_{16}$은 1.179~12.396 mg/kg, ${\Sigma}PAH_7$은 0.147~0.741 mg/kg 범위이었다.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. 1st-year shoot of pine leaves.

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Fig. 2. Distribution of particle size on pine leaves by sampling site.

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Fig. 3. Surface image of needle and sheath of pine leaf.

Table 1. Analytical parameters of ICP/MS

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Table 4. Quantitative and qualitative mass of PAH compounds by GC/MS/MS

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Table 2. Quantitative mass of elements by ICP/MS

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Table 3. Analytical parameters of GC/MS/MS

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Table 5. Characteristics of pine leaves by sampling site

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Table 6. Weight of particle matters on 1st-year shoot of pine leaves by sampling site

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Table 8. Concentration (mg/kg) of trace elements in particle matters by sampling site

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Table 7. Removal rate of particle matters by washing methods

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Table 9. Concentration (mg/kg) of PAHs in particle matters by sampling site

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