Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science (한국약용작물학회지)

The Korean Society of Medicinal Crop Science (한국약용작물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A 26-Week Repeated Oral Dose Toxicity Test and a 4-Week Recovery Test of Cassia tora L. Water Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Sprague-Dawley Rats을 이용한 결명자 물 추출물의 26주 반복 경구투여 독성시험 및 4주 회복시험

  • Nho, Jong Hyun (National Development Institute of Korean Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Mu Jin (National Development Institute of Korean Medicine) ;
  • Jung, Ho Kyung (National Development Institute of Korean Medicine) ;
  • Jang, Ji Hun (National Development Institute of Korean Medicine) ;
  • Sim, Mi Ok (National Development Institute of Korean Medicine) ;
  • Jang, Min Cheol (Heanam Natural Farming Association Corporation) ;
  • Yong, Ju Hyun (Heanam Natural Farming Association Corporation) ;
  • Seo, Heung Sik (Korea Testing and Research Institute) ;
  • An, Byeong Kwan (National Development Institute of Korean Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Jong Choon (College of Veterinary Medicine BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Cho, Hyun Woo (National Development Institute of Korean Medicine)
  • Received : 2018.01.09
  • Accepted : 2018.03.21
  • Published : 2018.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Cassia tora L., an annual or perennial plant of the Fabaceae family, is traditional medicine with various biological activities, including anti-constipation and, anti-inflammation. Chemical compounds such as anthraquinone glycoside and naphthalene derivatives have been isolated from this plant. Cassia tora L. is a common contaminant of agricultural commodities, but is toxic to cattle and poultry. Methods and Results: To investigate the potential toxicity, Cassia tora L. aqueous extract (CO) was administered orally to rats for 26 weeks at 0 (control), 300, 1,500 and 3,000 mg/kg/day (n = 10 for male rats for each dose). The positive control comprised animals orally administered anthraquinone 100 mg/kg/day. There was no treatment-related mortality. An increase in the kidney weight was observed at 3,000 mg/kg/day of CO and anthraquinone 100 mg/kg/day. Macrophage infiltration in the colon was observed at CO 1,500 and 3,000 mg/kg/day and anthraquinone 100 mg/kg/day, but there were no significant toxicological changes in the incidence and severity of the finding. Conclusions: The oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of CO was 3,000 mg/kg/day in male rats and no target organs were identified. In addition, 300 mg/kg was found to be the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for systemic toxicity under the conditions of the study.

Keywords

References

  1. Ayodele AAE, Abacha FZ, Yahaya T, Arfo SB, Musa HI and Kevin IN. (2015). Acute toxicity and some elemental assessment of Senna tora Linn thylakoids in natural population of northeastern nigeria. International Journal of Research. 2:375-381.
  2. Choi JS, Jung JH, Lee HJ and Kang SS. (1996). The NMR assignments of anthraquinones from Cassia tora. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 19:302-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976245
  3. Choi JS, Lee HJ and Kang SS. (1994). Alatemin, cassiaside and rubrofusarin gentiobioside, radical scavenging principles from the seeds of Cassia tora on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 17:462-466. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979126
  4. Choi JS, Lee HJ, Park KY, Ha JO and Kang SS. (1997). In vitro antimutagenic effects of anthraquinone aglycones and naphthopyrone glycosides from Cassia tora. Planta Medica. 63:11-14. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957593
  5. Cholendra A, Vijayaraghavan R, Babu Y, Mohan SK, Rao SD, Dorababu K and Reddy KK. (2014). Acute toxicity studies of Cassia tora leaf powder. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 4:176-181.
  6. Dodd DE, Layko DK, Cantwell KE, Willson GA and Thomas RS. (2013). Subchronic toxicity evaluation of anthraquinone in fischer 344 rats. International Journal of Toxicology. 32:358-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581813501701
  7. Essa'a VJ and Medoua GN. (2013). Subchronic toxicity of the beverage made from Cassia occidentalis seeds in mice. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. 2:237-242. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130205.14
  8. Han HY, Kim SN, Yang YS, Han SC, Seok JH, Roh HS, Lee JK, Jeong JY, Jeong YW, Kim JA and Min BS. (2015). Toxicity assessment of Polygalae radix aqueous extract orally administered to rats for 2 consecutive weeks. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy. 46:44-51.
  9. Han SR, Han HY, Park HJ, Min BS, Chung MK, Moon KS, Jeong JY, Roh HS, Seok JH and Kim SK. (2013). Toxicity assessment of Cyperi rhizoma aqueous extract orally administered to rats for 13 consecutive weeks. Yakhak Hoeji. 57:258-264.
  10. Han TW, Um MY, Lim YH, Kim JK and Kim IH. (2016). Single- and repeated-dose oral toxicity in rats and bacterial reverse mutation test of Morus alba L. extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 45:1406-1413. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.10.1406
  11. Hardman JG and Limbrid LE. (1995). Goodman and gilmans the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. (9th ed.). McGrawhill. New York. NY, USA. p.1546.
  12. Hong KH, Choi WH, Ahn J, Jung CH and Ha TY. (2012). Physicochemical properties of ethanol extracts and dietary fiber from Cassia tora L. seed. Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition. 25:612-619. https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2012.25.3.612
  13. Kim DH, Kim S, Jung WY, Park SJ, Park DH, Kim JM, Cheong JH and Ryu JH. (2009). The neuroprotective effects of the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia on transient cerebral global ischemia in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47:1473-1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.028
  14. Kim DH, Yoon BH, Kim YW, Lee S, Shin BY, Jung JW, Kim HJ, Lee YS, Choi JS, Kim SY, Lee KT and Ryu JH. (2007). The seed extract of Cassia obtusifolia ameliorates learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine or transient cerebral hypoperfusion in mice. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 39:241-245.
  15. Kim MS, Lim SJ, Lee HJ and Nho CW. (2015). Cassia tora seed extract and its active compound aurantio-obtusin inhibit allergic responses in IgE-mediated mast cells and anaphylactic models. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 63:9037-9046. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03836
  16. Kim SH, Choi EJ, Kim DH, Lee KY, Lee M, Baek SW, Kwack SJ, Kang TS, Kim YC and Sung SH. (2008). Stability test of the extracts of Cimicifugae rhizoma, Achyranthis radix, Artemisia capillaris Herba, Moutan cortex Radicis and Arecae semen for toxicity study. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy. 39:241-245.
  17. Kim YH, Kim JY, Han JM, Lee HY, Jung IC, Jin MR, Kim SH and Park YC. (2014). A thirteen week repeated oral dose toxicity test and a four week recovery test of GST in sprague dawley rats. Journal of Internal Korean Medicine. 35:223-243.
  18. Liu SM, Sun C and Xie WH. (2009). Effect of semen Cassiae extracts on expression of lipogenesis genes in hyperlipidemia model mice. Chiness Traditional and Herbal Drugs. 40:583-587.
  19. Luo X, Xu X, Huang C, Wu X, Liu J, Lan B and Xu J. (2011). Experiment study of total anthraquinone in Cassiae semen on lipid peroxidation and PPAR-gamma expression in liver tissues of rats with alcoholic fatty liver. China Journal of Chiness Materia Medica. 36:1654-1659.
  20. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety(MFDS). (2009). Tox-info. anthraquinone. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Cheongju, Korea. p.7.
  21. Nadai SR, Calore EE, Manzione CR, Puga FR and Perez NM. (2003). Effect of long-term administration of Senna occidentalis seeds in the large bowel of rats. Pathology-Research and Practice. 199:733-737. https://doi.org/10.1078/0344-0338-00489
  22. National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDSE). (2012). Manual of toxicity study standard to drugs. National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation. Cheongju, Korea. p.10.
  23. Nho JH, Jung HK, Lee MJ, Jang JH, Sim MO, Jung JK, Lee KH, An BK, Cho JH, Jang MC, Yong JH and Cho HW. (2016). Effect of roasted water extract of fermented Cassia tora L. by Lactobacillus casei on the loperamide-induced constipation model in rats. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 24:471-478. https://doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2016.24.6.471
  24. Oh JM, Jo JH, Kim BH and Kim SK. (2006). Single dose toxicity study of Buxus Microphylla var. Koreana Nakai extract in mice. Journal of Environmental Toxicology. 21:331-335.
  25. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2001). OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris, France. p.1-4.
  26. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2009). OECD test guideline 452. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development. Paris, France. p.1-16.
  27. Park YC, Lee JS, Kim DY, Son HY, Lee JW, Cheoi YS, Kim KK, Yu CY, Chung IM, Im MH, Lee KJ, Choi RN, Shim HS and Lim JD. (2013). A 90 day repeated dose-oral toxicity study of extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-aboverground parts in rats. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 21:474-485. https://doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2013.21.6.474
  28. Parson WT and Cuthbertson EG. (1992). Noxious weeds of Australia. Inkarta Press. Melbourne. Victoria, Australia.
  29. Voss KA and Brennecke LH. (1991). Toxicological and hematological effects of sicklepod(Cassia obtusifolia) seeds in sprague-dawley rats: A subchronic feeding study. Toxicon. 29:1329-1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(91)90119-C
  30. Wei N, Lv H and Liu M. (2012). Study on the chemical constitutions of reducing blood lipid in semen Cassiae. Guangdong Chemical Industry. 9:99-100.
  31. Yen GC and Chuang DY. (2000). Antioxidant properties of water extracts from Cassia tora L. in relation to the degree of roasting. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48:2760-2765. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf991010q
  32. Yen GC and Chung DY. (1999). Antioxidant effects of extracts from Cassia tora L. prepared under different degrees of roasting on the oxidative damage to biomolecules. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1326-1332. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9810618
  33. Yi JH, Park HJ, Lee S, Jung JW, Kim BC, Lee YC, Ryu JH and Kim DH. (2016). Cassia obtusifolia seed ameliorates amyloid ${\beta}$-induced synaptic dysfunction through anti-inflammatory and Akt/GSK-$3{\beta}$ pathways. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 178:50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.007