Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회논문지)

The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Predictors of Positive Changes in Children with Divorced Parents: Focused on Moderating Effects of Family Incomes

이혼 가정 자녀의 긍정적 변화에 영향을 미치는 변인 분석: 가구 소득의 조절효과

  • Choi, Hyo-Sik (Department of Education, Chuncheon National University of Education)
  • Received : 2018.04.09
  • Accepted : 2018.06.01
  • Published : 2018.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore predictors of positive changes in children with divorced parents and to demonstrate the structural path among the perceived experience of social discrimination, parenting difficulties, parent-child communication, and internet use of children that related to positive changes based on family incomes. The subjects for this study were 1,114 single parents from divorced families sourced from a study on the status of single-parent families in 2015. The results of this study by using the structural equation model of the moderating effect verification with family incomes and multi group analysis are as follows. First, single-parent's perceived experience of social discrimination turned had a significant positive effect on parenting difficulties( =.354) and children's internet use ( =.234). Single-parent's perceived parenting difficulties also had a significant positive effect on children's internet use ( =.440) but a significant negative effect on both parent-child communication( =.192) and positive changes of children( =.218). Interestingly, internet use of children demonstrated a significant negative effect on their positive changes. Second, parent-child communication, parenting difficulties, and children's internet use had a negative mediating effect with the relationship where single-parent's perceived experience of social discrimination had an effect on positive changes of children( =.167). Second, between the family groups based on family incomes, there was no statistically significant difference in the structural relationship. Based on these results, this study presented a practical proposal to help single parents not experience social discrimination and to help decrease the internet use of children to improve positive changes.

이 연구의 목적은 이혼 가정 자녀의 긍정적 변화에 영향을 미치는 변인을 확인하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 이혼 가정 한부모의 지각된 사회적 차별 경험, 양육 어려움, 자녀와의 대화시간, 자녀의 인터넷 사용문제, 이혼 후 자녀의 긍정적 변화 간의 구조적 관련성을 확인하고, 가구 소득에 따른 구조적 관계의 차이를 확인하였다. 분석 자료는 2015년 한부모가족 실태조사 자료의 한부모 1,114명의 데이터를 활용하였으며, 연구문제를 검증하기 위해 구조방정식모형 분석과 다집단 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 한부모가 지각한 차별 경험은 양육어려움(${\beta}=.354$), 인터넷 사용문제(${\beta}=.234$)에 통계적으로 유의한 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 한부모가 지각한 양육 어려움은 자녀와의 대화시간(${\beta}=-.192$), 자녀의 긍정적 변화(${\beta}=-.218$)에 통계적으로 유의한 부적인 영향, 자녀의 인터넷 사용문제(${\beta}=.440$)에 통계적으로 유의한 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 자녀의 인터넷 사용문제는 부모의 이혼 후 자녀의 긍정적 변화(${\beta}=-.199$)에 통계적으로 유의한 부적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 한부모가 지각한 차별 경험은 자녀와의 대화시간, 양육 어려움, 인터넷 사용문제를 매개로 자녀의 긍정적 변화에 통계적으로 유의한 부적인 영향을 미치는 간접효과(${\beta}=-.167$)가 확인되었다. 셋째, 다집단 분석 결과, 가구 소득에 따른 통계적으로 유의한 경로계수의 크기 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 이혼 후 자녀의 긍정적 변화를 이끌기 위해서는 한부모가 차별을 느끼지 않을 수 있는 사회적 문화 형성과 한부모의 양육 과정에 대한 공식적, 비공식적 지지가 중요하며, 한부모 가정 자녀의 인터넷 과다 사용을 예방하고 줄이기 위한 실천적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Veinberg, I., "Emotional awareness-The key to dealing appropriately with children of divorced families in schools", Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 209, pp. 514-518, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.281
  2. Kelly, J., Emery, R., "Children's adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives", Family Relations, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 352-362, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00352.x
  3. Amato, P. R., "Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis", Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 355-370, 2001. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.355
  4. Conger, R. D., Chao, W., Adolescent depressed mood, In R. L. Simons (Ed.), "Understanding differences between divorced and intact families: Stress, interaction, and child outcome", pp. 157-175, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996.
  5. Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Castellino, D. R., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., "Trajectories of internalizing, externalizing, and grades for children who have and have not experienced their parents' divorce or separation", Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 20, pp. 292-301, 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.292
  6. Robbers, S., van Oort, F., Huizink, A., Verhulst, F., van Beijsterveldt, C., Boomsma, D., Bartels, M., "Childhood problem behavior and parental divorce: Evidence for gene-environment interaction", Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1539-1548, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0470-9
  7. J. R. Kim, H. S. Kim, "The effect of variables on depression of single parents family householder - Focusing on parental gender difference -", Journal of family Relations, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 143-160, 2014.
  8. J. H. Kim, "Impoverishment of unprivileged divorcees: Their social exclusion experience in family and labor market", Korean Journal of Family Social Work, vol. 38, pp. 69-102, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2012.33.2.69
  9. H. S. Kim, E. H. Kim, "The experience of mother as divorced single-parent heads of family: The experiences from the crisis of life", Crisisonomy, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 219-242, 2010.
  10. M. J. Seo, E. S. Choi, "The effects of maternal depression on maternal parenting stress among mothers with young children: A focus on the moderating effects of mother's and father's perceived fatherly involvement in child rearing", Early Childhood Education Research & Review, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 575-594, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/G704-000814.2016.20.5.026
  11. K. J. Um, C. Y. Yun, "The effect of parent-adolescent communication and conversation time on problem behaviors of male middle school students", Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 595-615, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2017.17.9.595
  12. J. E. Ye, "The effect of discrimination experiences on self-rated health and depression among married immigrant women: The effect of social support", Unpublished master's thesis, Seoul national university, Seoul, 2017.
  13. Pascoe, E. A., Smart Richman, L., "Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review", Psychological Bulletin, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 531-554, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059
  14. Breaux, R. P., Harvey, E. A., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., "The role of parent psychopathology in the development of preschool children with behavior problems", Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 777-790, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.836451
  15. Goodman, S., Rouse, M., Connell, A., Broth, M., Hall, C., Heyward, D., "Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review", Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-27, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1
  16. A. R. Kim, Y. R. Tak, "Exploring psycho-social determinants to child neglect and abuse among caregivers with young children", Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 81-94, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.1.81
  17. H. S. Pyun, J. K. Choi, "The associations among poor single mothers' economic hardship, depressive symptoms, parenting stress, child abuse and neglect, and their children's development", Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, vol. 53, pp. 1-23, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/G704-000946.2016..53.002
  18. Amato, P. R., "Children's adjustment to divorce: Theories, hypotheses, and empirical support", Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 23-38, 1993. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/352954
  19. J. S. Kim, "The influences of paternal depression, self-esteem, and parenting stress on child's self-control: With mediation of warm parental behavior", Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, vol. 11, no. 1, 29-49, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21213/kjcec.2017.17.1.29
  20. Kelleher, R. T., Shanahan, L., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., O'Brien, M., "Parenting stress, parental reactions, and externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 10", Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 388-406, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12163
  21. Whiteside, M. F., Becker, B. J., "Parental factors and the young child's postdivorce adjustment: A meta-analysis with implications for parenting arrangements", Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 5-26, 2000. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.14.1.5
  22. Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., Stavropoulos, V., "Internet use and problematic internet use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood", International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 430-454, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1227716
  23. Ko, C. H., Liu, T. L., Wang, P. W., Chen, C. S., Yen, C. F., Yen, J. Y., "The exacerbation of depression, hostility, and social anxiety in the course of internet addiction among adolescents: A prospective study", Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 55, no, 6, pp. 1377-1384, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.003
  24. Mei, S., Yau, Y. H. C., Chai, J., Guo, J., Potenza, M. N., "Problematic internet use, well-being, self-esteem and self-control: Data from a high-school survey in China", Addictive Behaviors, vol. 61, pp. 74-79, 2016. DOI: http://10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.009
  25. S. E. Park, S. A. Lim, "Meta-analysis on predictors of internet addiction", Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 497-534, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17286/KJEP.2016.30.3.02
  26. H. J. Lee, S. K. Kim, S. M. Cheon, "Meta-analysis on the relationship of parent-child relationship variable to youth internet and smartphone addiction", The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 329-348, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/G704-SER000009521.2016.23.2.007
  27. Wartberg, L., Kriston, R., Bröning, S., Kegel, K., Thomasius, R., "Adolescent problematic internet use: Is a parental rating suitable to estimate prevalence and identify familial correlates?", Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 67, pp. 233-239, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.029
  28. Li, W., Garland, E. I., Howard, M. O., "Family factors in internet addiction among Chinese youth: A review of English- and Chinese-language studies", Computer and Human Behaviors, vol. 31, pp. 392-411, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.004
  29. Laumann-Billings, L., Emery, R. E., "Distress among young adults from divorced families", Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 671-687, 2000. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.14.4.671
  30. Ni, X., Yan, H., Chen, S., Liu, Z., "Factors influencing internet addiction in a sample of freshmen university students in China", Cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 12, pp. 327-330, 2009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0321
  31. Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Martin, M. J., "Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development", Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 685-704, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
  32. Weaver, J. M., Schofield, T. J., "Mediation and moderation of divorce effects on children's behavior problems", Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 39-48, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000043
  33. Chae. S., "Parental divorce and children's schooling in rural Malawi", Demography, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1743-1770, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0521-7
  34. https://mdis.kostat.go.kr/extract/extSurvSearchByDate.do?extcTypeDivCD=E&curMenuNo=UI_POR_P1070
  35. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., Curran, P. J., Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies, In R. Hoyle (Ed.), "Structural equation modeling: concept, issues and applications", pp. 56-75, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995.
  36. Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., "On the evaluation of structural equation models", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 74-94, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  37. Fornell, C., Larcker, D., "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error", Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 39-50, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  38. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., "Multivariant data analysis (6th ed.)", Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006.
  39. K. R. Park, H. S. Choi, E. M. Yeon, "An analysis of structural relationship among positive parenting attitudes, attitudes toward science, science inquiry skills, and science achievements perceived by middle school students", Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 669-677, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2017.37.4.669
  40. Martens, M. P., "The use of structural equation modeling in counseling psychology research", The Counseling Psychologist, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 269-298, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005274598
  41. J. J. Park, "Examination of the relationship between private tutoring and its subjective effect by autoregressive cross-lagged model: Multi-group analysis across income", The Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 149-168, 2011.
  42. I. H. Choi, J. Y. Kim, "Effects of adolescent empathy on maternal parenting behaviors and adolescent problem behaviors", Family and Family Therapy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 81-102, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21479/kaft.2013.21.1.81
  43. S. H. Jeong, "The relative effects of parenting behaviors on emotional problems in elementary, middle, and high school students", Korean Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 119-144, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21509/KJYS.2016.06.23.6.119
  44. Wolchik, S. A., Wilcox, K. L., Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I. N., "Maternal acceptance and consistency of discipline as buffers of divorce stressors on children's psychological adjustment problems", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 87-102, 2000. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005178203702
  45. H. J. Seok, "A qualitative case study on the experience of internet game addiction adolescent in the family environment", Korean Journal of Qualitative Research in Social Welfare, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 93-124, 2016.
  46. K. S. Kim, J. H. Kim, "A study on adolescents' level of Internet addiction by their perceived relationships with parents", Korean Journal of Human Ecology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 15-25, 2003.
  47. Potter, D., "Psychosocial well-being and the relationship between divorce and children's academic achievement", Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 933-946, 2010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00740.x
  48. Luecken, L. J., Hagan, M. J., Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J-Y., "A longitudinal study of the effects of child-reported maternal warmth on cortisol stress response 15 years after parental divorce", Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 163-170, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000251