Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society (한국학교수학회논문집)

The Korean School Mathematics Society (한국학교수학회)
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Exploring the Relationships Among Teacher Questions, Turn-Taking Patterns, and Student Talks in Mathematics Classrooms

수학 교실에서 교사 질문, 말하기 차례 규칙, 학생 발화 사이의 관계 분석

  • Received : 2019.11.15
  • Accepted : 2019.12.16
  • Published : 2019.12.30
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Abstract

In this study, we examined classroom interaction to explore the relationships among teacher questions, turn-taking patterns, and student talks in mathematics classrooms. We analyzed lessons given by three elementary teachers (two first-grade teachers and one second-grade teacher) who worked in the same school using a conversation-analytic approach. We observed individual classrooms three times in a year. The results revealed that when teachers provided open-ended questions, such as "why and how" questions and "agree and disagree" questions, and used a non-IRE pattern (teacher initiation-student response-teacher feedback; Mehan, 1979), students more actively engaged in classroom discourse by justifying their ideas and refuting others' thinking. Conversely, when teachers provided closed-ended questions, such as "what" questions, and used an IRE pattern, students tended to give short answers focusing on only one point. The findings suggested teachers should use open-ended questions and non-IRE turn-taking patterns to create an effective math-talk learning community. In addition, school administrators and mathematics educators should support teachers to acquire practical knowledge regarding this approach.

본 연구는 교사 질문, 말하기 차례 규칙, 학생 발화 사이의 관계를 파악하고자 수학 교실 내의 언어적 상호작용을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 같은 학교에 근무하고 있는 세 명의 초등학교 교사들(1학년 교사 2명과 2학년 교사 1명)의 수학 수업을 대화분석 기법을 사용해서 분석하였다. 각 교사들의 수업은 일 년에 걸쳐 총 3회 관찰되었다. 분석 결과, 교사가 열린 질문(예를 들어 "왜" 그리고 "어떻게" 질문들과 "동의합니까" 그리고 "동의하지 않습니까" 질문들)을 사용하고 비전통적인 말하기 차례 규칙(교사발문-학생답변-교사 피드백; Mehan, 1979)을 사용하였을 때는 학생들이 자신의 생각을 정당화하고 다른 사람의 생각을 반박하기 위해 교실 담화에 보다 적극적으로 참여하여하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 교사가 닫힌 질문(예를 들어 "무엇" 질문들)을 사용하고 전통적인 말하기 차례 규칙을 사용하였을 때 학생들은 정답을 말하는 것에만 관심을 갖고 짧은 발화만을 사용하는 것으로 드러났다. 본 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교사들은 효과적인 수학-대화 학습공동체를 만들기 위해 열린 질문을 사용하고 비전통적인 말하기 차례 규칙을 사용해야 한다. 둘째, 교사들이 발화기법에 관한 실질적인 지식을 얻을 수 있도록 교육 행정가와 수학 교육자들이 지원해야 한다.

Keywords

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