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Assessment of Damage for the Three­Storied Stone Pagoda of Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju

경주 불국사 삼층석탑(석가탑)의 손상도 평가

  • Lee, Gemma (Division of Safety and Disaster Prevention, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage)
  • 이젬마 (국립문화재연구소 안전방재연구실)
  • Received : 2019.06.27
  • Accepted : 2019.09.06
  • Published : 2019.09.30
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Abstract

As the damage factors of the three­storey stone pagoda of the Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju could cause a reduction in the historical and artistic value and accelerate the deterioration of the stone, an appropriate solution is needed. The aim of stone conservation is to conserve the original shape and convey originality from the ancestors to their descendants. This procedure includes a record of the condition, being available in the future. In particular, the damage assessment could be used in conservational research, educational data, conservational treatment, and preventive data. As a result of quantitative damage assessment, biological damage indicated 159 %, chemical damage 114 %, and physical damage 16 %. The west direction revealed 95 % because of the amount of sunshine, moisture, and expansion of rock. Complex factors and high range damage were observed on the foundation and body of the pagoda. Since the top of pagoda was restored in the 1970s, the state presented a good condition. By doing this, the number of organisms could be reduced by cleaning and the physical damage could be minimized by bonding. On the other hand, continuous monitoring will be needed because there is a possibility of reforming the damage in the future.

경주 불국사 삼층석탑의 손상 유형은 역사적, 예술적 가치 저하뿐만 아니라 암석 풍화도 가속화 시킬 수 있으므로 보존을 위한 적절한 해결책이 필요하다. 석탑 보존은 선조들이 남긴 원형을 유지하여 후대에 전해주는 데 그 목적을 둔다. 이 과정에서는 손상 상태에 관한 기록을 포함하며 향후 확인 가능하도록 해야 한다. 특히 석탑 손상도 평가는 보존연구와 교육 자료로 활용할 수 있으며 보존처리 기초 자료로 이용하고 예방적 자료를 구축할 수 있다. 이 석탑의 정량적 손상도 평가 결과, 전체 면적 대비 생물 피도 159 %, 화학적 원인 114 %, 물리적 원인 16 % 점유율을 보인다. 또한 서측 방향에서는 일조량과 암석의 팽창수축 영향으로 손상 범위가 95 % 나타났다. 기단부와 탑신부에서는 다른 부재대비 높은 손상률과 복합적 손상 패턴이 관찰된다. 반면에 상륜부는 1970년대 신석재로 복원하여 원 부재 대비 야외노출 시간이 짧기 때문에 보존 상태가 양호한 것으로 판단된다. 이 연구를 바탕으로 보존과정에서는 세척처리를 통해 생물 종의 오염 정도를 저감시킬 수 있으며, 물리적 파손 부재는 접합처리로 손상을 최소화할 수 있다. 하지만 석탑은 향후 재 손상 가능성이 있으므로 지속적인 안전점검 모니터링과 예방적 보존 관리가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

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