KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research (대한토목학회논문집)

Korean Society of Civil Engeneers (대한토목학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Estimation of Potential Risk and Numerical Simulations of Landslide Disaster based on UAV Photogrammetry

무인 항공사진측량 정보를 기반으로 한 산사태 수치해석 및 위험도 평가

  • 최재희 (강원대학교 방재전문대학원) ;
  • 최봉진 (강원대학교 방재전문대학원) ;
  • 김남균 (산림조합중앙회 산림종합기술본부) ;
  • 이창우 (국립산림과학원 산불산사태연구과) ;
  • 서준표 (국립산림과학원 산불산사태연구과) ;
  • 전병희 (강원대학교 방재전문대학원)
  • Received : 2020.11.20
  • Accepted : 2021.07.09
  • Published : 2021.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study investigated the ground displacement occurring in a slope below a waste-rock dumping site and estimated the likelihood of a disaster due to a landslide. To start with, photogrammetry was conducted by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to investigate the size and extent of the ground displacement. From April 2019 to July 2020, the average error rate of the five UAV surveys was 0.011-0.034 m, and an elevation change of 2.97 m occurred due to the movement of the soil layer. Only some areas of the slope showedelevation change, and this was believed to be due to thegroundwater generated during rainfall rather than the effect of the waste-rock load at the top. Sensitivity analysis for LS-RAPID simulation was performed, and the simulation results were compared and analyzed by applying a digital elevation model (DEM) and a digital surface model (DSM)as terrain data with 10 m, 5 m, and 4 m grids. When data with high spatial resolution were used, the extent of the sedimentation of landslide material tended to be excessively expanded in the DEM. In contrast, in the result of applying a DSM, which reflects the topography in detail, the diffusion range was not significantly affected even when the spatial resolution was changed, and the sedimentation behavior according to the river shape could be accurately expressed. As a result, it was concluded that applying a DSM rather than a DEM does not significantly expand the sedimentation range, and results that reflect the site situation well can be obtained.

본 연구는 폐석적치장 하부 경사지에서 발생하고 있는 지반변위를 조사하고 산사태에 의한 재해 가능성에 대해 검토하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 무인 항공기 사진측량을 실시하여 지반변위의 크기와 범위를 조사하였다. 2019년 4월부터 2020년 7월까지 5회의 무인 항공기 측량의 평균 오차율은 0.011 - 0.034 m이었으며, 토층의 이동으로 2.97 m의 표고 변화가 발생하였다. 급경사지 중 일부 구역만 표고 변화를 보이며 이것은 상부의 폐석 하중의 영향보다는 강우 시 발생한 지하수에 의한 땅밀림에 의한 것으로 판단된다. LS-RAPID 시뮬레이션을 위한 민감도 분석을 실시하였으며, 지형자료로서 DEM과 DSM을 각각 10 m, 5 m, 4 m 격자로 적용하여 시뮬레이션 결과를 비교, 분석하였다. 공간 해상도가 높은 자료를 이용하면 DEM에서는 산사태 물질의 퇴적 범위가 지나치게 확대되는 경향을 보인 반면, 지형을 세밀하게 반영한 DSM을 적용한 결과에서는 공간 해상도 변하여도 확산범위는 크게 영향을 받지 않으며 하천형상에 따른 퇴적 거동을 정밀하게 표현할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 DEM보다 DSM을 적용하는 것이 퇴적범위가 크게 확대되지 않으며, 현장상황을 잘 반영한 결과가 얻어지는 것으로 평가되었다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2018년도 한국연구재단 지역대학우수과학자지원사업의 연구비지원(2018RIDIA3B07049326)과 행정안전부 방재안전분야 전문인력 양성사업의 지원에 의해 수행되었습니다. 본 논문은 2020 CONVENTION 논문을 수정·보완하여 작성되었습니다.

References

  1. Auzet, A. V. and Ambroise, B. (1996). "Soil creep dynamics, soil moisture and temperature conditions on a forested slope in the granitic Vosges Mountains." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 531-542 (in French). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199606)21:6<531::AID-ESP606>3.0.CO;2-B
  2. Cho, Y. C. and Song, Y. S. (2013). "Deformation characteristics of a slope at a coal waste depot through analysis of monitoring results." The Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 19-27 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.9720/KSEG.2013.1.19
  3. Cho, Y. C. and Song, Y. S. (2014). "Application of laser distance measurer to measure ground surface displacement in slopes." Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 23-31 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.12814/jkgss.2014.13.1.023
  4. Cho, Y. C., Song, Y. S. and Kim, K. S. (2011). "Investigation and analysis of ground deformation at a coal waste depot in dogye." The Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 199-212 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.9720/KSEG.2011.21.3.199
  5. Choi, B. J. (2021). Application of UAV photogrammetric method for risk analysis in landslide area, Master's Thesis, Kangwon National University, Korea (in Korean).
  6. Cuomo, S., Pastor, M., Capobianco, V. and Cascini, L. (2016). "Modelling the space-time evolution of bed entrainment for flow-like landslides." Engineering geology, Vol. 212, pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.07.011
  7. Dalamagkidis, K., Valavanis, K. P. and Piegl, L. A. (2008). "On unmanned aircraft systems issues, challenges and operational restrictions preventing integration into the national airspace system." Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 7-8, pp. 503-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2008.08.001
  8. Gradiski, K., Sassa, K., He, B., Arbanas, Z., Mihalic Arbanas, S., Krkac, M., Kvasnicka, p. and Ostric, M. (2013). "Application of integrated landslide simulation model LS-Rapid to the Kostanjek Landslide, Zagreb, Croatia." In Proceedings of the 1st regional symposium on landslides in the Adriatic Balkan Region, Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 11-16.
  9. Inoue, K. (2008). "Interpretation of landslide topography-How to read aerial photographs." Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 61 (in Japanese).
  10. Jau, J. G., Park, S. J., Son, D. S. and Joo, S. H. (2000). "The effects of geological and topographical features on landslide and land-creep." Journal of Korean Forestry Society, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 323-334.
  11. Jovancevic, S. D., Nagai, O., Sassa, K. and Arbanas, Z. (2014). "Deterministic landslide susceptibility analyses using ls-rapid software." The First Regional Symposium on Landslides in Adrian-Balkan Region, Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 73-77.
  12. Jun, B. H. (2012). "Evaluation of slope stability in Umyeon-san area." Journal of Safety and Crisis Management, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 227-234 (in Korean).
  13. Lee, H. N. and Kim, G. H. (2019). "Flow-R simulation of debris flow on Mt. Woomyeon." Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 61-71 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.7319/kogsis.2019.27.6.061
  14. Lee, Y. S., Lee, D. G., Yu, Y. G. and Lee, H. J. (2016). "Application of drone photogrammetry for current state analysis of damage in forest damage areas." Journal of the Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science, Vol. 24, No. 3 pp. 49-58. https://doi.org/10.7319/kogsis.2016.24.3.049
  15. Matsukura, Y. and Tanaka, Y. (1983). "Stability analysis for soil slips of two gruss-slope in southern Abukuma mountains, Japan." Transactions Japanese Geomorphological, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 229-239.
  16. Park, J. H. (2015). "Analysis on the characteristics of the landslide-with a special reference on geo-topographical characteristics." Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science, Vol. 104, No. 4, pp. 588-597 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2015.104.4.588
  17. Park, J. H. (2016). "The actual conditions and management of land creep in Korea." Korean Society of Forestry Environment Research, Vol. 19, pp. 40-50 (in Korean).
  18. Park, J. H. and Park, S. G. (2020). "Analysis of the topography on the land creep characteristics." Journal of Agriculture & Life Science, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 51-59 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2020.54.4.51
  19. Park, J. H., Choi, K., Bae, J. S., Ma, H. S. and Lee, J. H. (2005). "Analysis on the characteristics of the landslide in maeri(I)-With a special reference on geo-topographical characteristics." Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 129-134 (in Korean).
  20. Park, J. H., Choi, K., Lee, S. G., Ma, H. S., Lee, J. H. and Woo, B. M. (2003). "Analysis on the characteristics of the landslide in nasamri(1)-With a special reference on geo-topographical characteristics." Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 246-253.
  21. Ra, Y. H., Lee, M. S. and Ji, J. D. (2012). "A study of network RTK application for cadastral surveying." Journal of the Korean Cadastre Information Association, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 53-64 (in Korean).
  22. Sassa, K. (1988). "Geotechnical model for the motion of landslides, Proceedings 5th International symposium on Landslides." Landslides, Vol. 1, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 37-56.
  23. Sassa, K., Nagai, O., Solidum, R., Yamazaki, Y. and Ohta, H. (2010). "An integrated model simulating the initiation and motion of earthquake and rain induced rapid landslides and its application to the 2006 Leyte landslide." Landslides, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 219-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0230-z
  24. Seo, J. P., Woo, C. S., Lee, C. W. and Kim, D. Y. (2018). "A study on detection and monitoring in land creeping area by using the UAV." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 481-487 (in Korean).
  25. Setiawan, H., Wilopo, W., Fathani, T. F. and Karnawati, D. (2019). "Analysis of potential landslide and its motion behavior in Salem District, Brebes regency, central java of indonesia by using the LS-RAPID numerical simulation." Landslides, Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 2219-2232, p. 14, DOI: 10.1007/s10346-019-01245-0.
  26. Shunji, I. (1978). "Soil creep measurements in khumbu glaciological expedition of Nepal, contribution No. 54." Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Vol. 40, No. Special, pp. 60-63. https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.40.Special_60
  27. Stevens, N. F., Manville, V. and Heron, D. W. (2002). "The sensitivity of a volcanic flow model to digital elevation model accuracy: experiments with digitised map contours and interferometric SAR at ruapehu and taranaki volcanoes, New Zealand." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 119, No. 1-4, pp. 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00307-4
  28. Stolz, A. and Huggel, C. (2008). "Debris flows in the swiss national park: the influence of different flow models and varying DEM grid size on modeling results." Landslides, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-008-0125-4
  29. Tadashi, R. (1974). "A survey of the landslides." Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 41-50 (in Japanese).
  30. Woo, B. M., Park, J. H., Choi, H. T., Jeon, G. S. and Kim, K. H. (1996). "A study on the characteristics of the landslide in Hyuseok-dong (I) - Topographical characteristics and surface displacement." Journal of Korean Forest Society, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 565-570 (in Korean).