Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety (해양환경안전학회지)

The Korean Society of Marine Environment and safety (해양환경안전학회)
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Phytoplankton Diversity and Community Structure Driven by the Dynamics of the Changjiang Diluted Water Plume Extension around the Ieodo Ocean Research Station in the Summer of 2020

2020년 하계 장강 저염수가 이어도 해양과학기지 주변 해역의 식물플랑크톤 다양성 및 개체수 변화에 미치는 영향

  • Kim, Jihoon (College of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University) ;
  • Choi, Dong Han (Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology) ;
  • Lee, Ha Eun (Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology) ;
  • Jeong, Jin-Yong (Marine Disaster Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ;
  • Jeong, Jongmin (Marine Disaster Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ;
  • Noh, Jae Hoon (Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology)
  • 김지훈 (한국해양대학교 해양과학기술전문대학원 해양과학기술융합학과) ;
  • 최동한 (한국해양과학기술원 해양생태연구센터) ;
  • 이하은 (한국해양과학기술원 해양생태연구센터) ;
  • 정진용 (한국해양과학기술원 해양재난.재해연구센터) ;
  • 정종민 (한국해양과학기술원 해양재난.재해연구센터) ;
  • 노재훈 (한국해양과학기술원 해양생태연구센터)
  • Received : 2021.10.25
  • Accepted : 2021.12.28
  • Published : 2021.12.31
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Abstract

The expansion of the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) plume during summer is known to be a major factor influencing phytoplankton diversity, community structure, and the regional marine environment of the northern East China Sea (ECS). The discharge of the CDW plume was very high in the summer of 2020, and cruise surveys and stationary monitoring were conducted to understand the dynamics of changes in environmental characteristics and the impact on phytoplankton diversity and community structure. A cruise survey was conducted from August 16 to 17, 2020, using R/V Eardo, and a stay survey at the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS) from August 15 to 21, 2020, to analyze phytoplankton diversity and community structure. The southwestern part of the survey area exhibited low salinity and high chlorophyll a fluorescence under the influence of the CDW plume, whereas the southeastern part of the survey area presented high salinity and low chlorophyll a fluorescence under the influence of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). The total chlorophyll a concentrations of surface water samples from 12 sampling stations indicated that nano-phytoplankton (20-3 ㎛) and micro-phytoplankton (> 20 ㎛) were the dominant groups during the survey period. Only stations strongly influenced by the TWC presented approximately 50% of the biomass contributed by pico-phytoplankton (< 3 ㎛). The size distribution of phytoplankton in the surface water samples is related to nutrient supplies, and areas where high nutrient (nitrate) supplies were provided by the CDW plume displayed higher biomass contribution by micro-phytoplankton groups. A total of 45 genera of nano- and micro-phytoplankton groups were classified using morphological analysis. Among them, the dominant taxa were the diatoms Guinardia flaccida and Nitzschia spp. and the dinoflagellates Gonyaulax monacantha, Noctiluca scintillans, Gymnodinium spirale, Heterocapsa spp., Prorocentrum micans, and Tripos furca. The sampling stations affected by the TWC and low in nitrate concentrations presented high concentrations of photosynthetic pico-eukaryotes (PPE) and photosynthetic pico-prokaryotes (PPP). Most sampling stations had phosphate-limited conditions. Higher Synechococcus concentrations were enumerated for the sampling stations influenced by low-nutrient water of the TWC using flow cytometry. The NGS analysis revealed 29 clades of Synechococcus among PPP, and 11 clades displayed a dominance rate of 1% or more at least once in one sample. Clade II was the dominant group in the surface water, whereas various clades (Clades I, IV, etc.) were found to be the next dominant groups in the SCM layers. The Prochlorococcus group, belonging to the PPP, observed in the warm water region, presented a high-light-adapted ecotype and did not appear in the northern part of the survey region. PPE analysis resulted in 163 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), indicating very high diversity. Among them, 11 major taxa showed dominant OTUs with more than 5% in at least one sample, while Amphidinium testudo was the dominant taxon in the surface water in the low-salinity region affected by the CDW plume, and the chlorophyta was dominant in the SCM layer. In the warm water region affected by the TWC, various groups of haptophytes were dominant. Observations from the IORS also presented similar results to the cruise survey results for biomass, size distribution, and diversity of phytoplankton. The results revealed the various dynamic responses of phytoplankton influenced by the CDW plume. By comparing the results from the IORS and research cruise studies, the study confirmed that the IORS is an important observational station to monitor the dynamic impact of the CDW plume. In future research, it is necessary to establish an effective use of IORS in preparation for changes in the ECS summer environment and ecosystem due to climate change.

여름철 장강 저염수의 확장은 북부 동중국해의 환경 및 식물플랑크톤 다양성과 군집구조에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인으로 알려져 있다. 2020년 하계는 장강 저염수의 방류량이 매우 높았던 시기로 환경 특성 변화에 따라 식물플랑크톤 다양성 및 군집구조에 미치는 동력을 이해하기 위해 현장관측을 수행하였다. 2020년 8월 16일~17일 이어도호 승선조사와 2020년 8월 15일~21일 이어도 해양과학기지(IORS)에서 체류조사를 실시하였다. 조사 정점들에서 CTD로 측정한 결과 조사 수역 남서쪽은 장강 저염수의 영향을 받아 염분이 낮고 엽록소 형광값이 높았으며, 대마난류의 영향을 받은 남동수역은 염분이 높고 엽록소 형광값이 낮았다. 12개 정점의 표층수 시료의 엽록소 a 농도는 미소형(20~3 ㎛) 및 소형(> 20 ㎛) 식물플랑크톤의 생체량이 우점함을 나타냈으며, 대마난류수의 영향을 받은 정점에서만 초미소 식물플랑크톤(< 3 ㎛) 생체량이 약 50%를 차지하였다. 이러한 표층수의 식물플랑크톤 크기 분포는 영양염류 공급과 관련되어 장강 저염수의 높은 질산염 공급을 받는 정점들은 소형 식물플랑크톤의 생체량 기여율이 높았다. 형태분류 결과 미소형 및 소형 식물플랑크톤은 총 45종이며, 이들 중 우점 분류군은 규조류인 Guinardia flaccida, Nitzschia spp.와 와편모조류인 Gonyaulax monacantha, Noctiluca scintillans, Gymnodinium spirale, Heterocapsa spp., Prorocentrum micans, Tripos furca 등이었다. 대마난류의 영향을 받으며 질산염 농도가 낮은 정점들은 광합성 초미소 진핵생물(PPE)의 개체수와 광합성 초미소 원핵생물(PPP)인 Synechococcus의 개체수가 높았다. 질산염/인산염 비는 대부분 정점에서 인산염 제한을 받고 있음을 나타냈다. 유세포 분석 결과 Synechococcus 개체수는 난류의 영향을 받는 빈영양 수역의 정점들에서 높은 개체수를 보였다. NGS 분석 결과 PPP 중 Synechococcus는 29개의 clades가 나타났고, 이 중 한 시료에서 한 번이라도 1% 이상의 우점율을 보인 clade는 11개로 나타났다. 표층수에선 clade II가 우점분류군이었으며 SCM 층에서 다양한 clades(I과 IV 등)가 차우점군들로 분포하였다. Prochlorococcus 속은 난류 수역에서 high light adapted 생태형이 출현하는 양상을 보였으며 북쪽 수역에선 출현하지 않았다. PPE는 총 163개의 높은 operational taxonomic units(OTUs) 다양성을 보였으며, 이 중 한 시료에서 한 번이라도 5% 이상의 우점률을 나타낸 OTU는 총 11개였다. 장강 저염수의 영향을 받는 정점의 표층수에선 Amphidinium testudo가 우점 분류군이었으며, SCM 층에서 녹조류가 최우점하였다. 대마난류의 영향을 받는 해역에서는 다양한 분류군의 착편모조류가 우점하였다. IORS에서의 관측 결과도 주변 정점들과 식물플랑크톤 생체량, 크기분포, 다양성에서 유사한 수준을 나타냈다. 이번 연구 결과는 장강 저염수의 영향에 따른 식물플랑크톤의 반응을 다양한 분야에서 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, IORS와 승선조사를 비교하여 IORS 관측이 장강 저염수의 식물플랑크톤 동적 역학 모니터링에 활용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 향후 기후변화에 따라 나타날 동중국해 하계 환경 및 생태계의 변화에 대비하여 IORS의 효과적 이용 방안 수립이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 2021년 해양수산부의 재원으로 한국해양과학기술진흥원의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(관할해역 첨단 해양과학기지 구축 및 융합연구)

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