Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science

Korean society of Biological Nursing Science (한국기초간호학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference was Risk Factors for Increased Fasting Blood Sugar, and Hemoglobin A1c in Korean Adults without Diabetes Mellitus

  • Lee, heashoon (Department of Nursing, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University)
  • Received : 2021.01.27
  • Accepted : 2021.05.24
  • Published : 2021.05.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: This study confirmed the effects of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on fasting blood glucose (FBS) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in adults without diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The subjects were 4,659 adults (≥ 20 years), and data were extracted from the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey 2015 (KNHANES VI-3). The subject's data were analyzed using a complex sample t-test, χ2-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis (SPSS 24.0). Results: The incidence of the high FBS group was increased 1.60 times in males with a WC ≥ 90 cm and 1.78 times in females with a WC ≥ 85 cm. The incidence of the high HbA1c group was increased 1.54 times in those who were overweight and 2.22 times in those who were obese. The incidence of the high HbA1c group was increased 1.99 times in males with a WC ≥ 90 cm and 1.87 times in females with a WC ≥ 85 cm. Conclusion: This study presented evidence that interventions for BMI and WC should be included in DM prevention programs. It also suggested that these findings can be utilized for early detection of DM.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by 2020 General Research Fund of Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.

References

  1. Assmann G, Nofer JR, Schulte H. Cardiovascular risk assessment in the metabolic syndrome: view from PROCAM. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2004; 33(2):372-392. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.017
  2. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2019 March 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  3. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1). Osong: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. p. 48.
  4. Dabelea D, DeGroat J, Sorrelman C, Glass M, Percy CA, Avery C, et al. Diabetes in Navajo youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the search for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2): S141-147. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S206.
  5. Aguirre F, Brown A, Cho NH, Dahlquist G, Dodd S, Dunning T, et al. Diabetes atlas (6th ed). Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2013. p.36~42.
  6. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-2). Osong: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. p.231.
  7. Zhang M, Wang B, Liu Y, Sun X, Luo X, Wang C, et al. Cumulative increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus with increasing triglyceride glucose index in normal-weight people: the rural Chinese cohort study. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2017;16(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-017-0514-x.
  8. Huang T, Qi Q, Zheng Y, Ley SH, Manson JE, Hu FB, et al. Genetic predisposition to central obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes: two independent cohort studies. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(7):1306-1311. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-3084.
  9. World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. The Asia-pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Final report. Australia: WHO Western Pacific Region. 2000 Feb. Report No.: 0-9577082-1-12000
  10. Akter R, Nessa A, Husain MF, Wahed F, Khatun N, Yesmin M, et al. Effect of obesity on fasting blood sugar. Mymensingh Medical Journal. 2017;26(1):7-11.
  11. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(Supplement 1), S11-S61. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-S011
  12. Ma Q, Liu H, Xiang G, Shan W, Xing A. Association between glycated hemoglobin A1c levels with age and gender in Chinese adults with no prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Biomedical Reports. 2016; 4(1):737-740. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.643
  13. Lee YE, Park JE, Hwang JY, Kim WY. Comparison of health risks according to the obesity types based upon BMI and waist circumference in Korean adults: The 1998-2005 Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys. Korean Journal of Nutrition. 2009;42(7):631-638. https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.7.631
  14. Chung HR. Prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated factors among Korean adults: the 2001 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. Journal of Nutrition and Health. 2006;37(7):684-691.
  15. Mahtabuddin SRC, Tiwari R, Ahmed QR. Study of association of sagittal abdominal diameter with glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] in assessment of risk of type-II diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2017;8(2):103-107. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr
  16. Lee SY, Park HS, Kim SM, Kwon HS, Kim DY, Kim DJ, et al. Cut-off point of waist circumference for defining abdominal obesity in the Korean population. Korean Journal of Obesity. 2006;15(1):1-9.
  17. Lee HS. Sex difference in the effect of body mass index and stress on high-risk diabetes mellitus in Korean adults. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2019;21(3):224-230. https://doi.org/10.7586/jkbns.2019.21.3.224
  18. Pani LN, Korenda L, Meigs JB, Driver C, Chamany S, Fox CS, et al. Effect of aging on A1C levels in individuals without diabetes: evidence from the Framingham Offspring Study and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(4):1991-1996. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0577
  19. D'souza MS, Venkatesaperumal R, Karkada SN, Amirtharaj AD. Determinants of glycosylated haemaglobin among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism. 2013;4(5):1-6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000265
  20. Whittemore R, D'Eramo Melkus G, Grey M. Metabolic control, self-management and psychosocial adjustment in women with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2005;14(2):195-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.00937.x
  21. Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000;106(2),171-176. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10583
  22. Gilliland SS, Carter JS, Skipper B, Acton KJ. HbA(1c) levels among American Indian/Alaska Native adults. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(12):2178-2183. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.12.2178
  23. Kellow NJ, Savige GS, Khalil H. Predictors of poor glycaemic control during the initial five years post-diagnosis in rural adults with type 2 diabetes. The Australian Journal of Rural Health. 2011;19(5):267-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2011.01222.x.
  24. Jung SM, Kim EK, Lee HH, Jung KM, Park JW, Ko J, et al. The relationship between smoking and hemoglobin A1c in adults without diabetes mellitus according to body mass index. Korean Journal of Family Practice. 2016; 6(4):339-345. https://doi.org/ 10.21215/kjfp.2016.6.4.339
  25. Hsieh SD, Yoshinaga H, Muto T. Waist-to-height ratio, a simple and practical index for assessing central fat distribution and metabolic risk in Japanese men and women. International Journal of Obesity. 2003;27(5):610-616. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802259
  26. Misra A, Vikram NK. Insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome) and obesity in Asian Indians: evidence and implications. Nutrition. 2004.20(5):489-491. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nut.2004.01.020
  27. Mohan V, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Shah B, Varghese C. The epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: Indian scenario. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2007;125(3):217-230.
  28. Nakagami T, Tominaga M, Nishimura R, Daimon M, Oizumi T, Yoshiike N, et al. Combined use of fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c in a stepwise fashion to detect undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2007; 213(1):25-32. https://doi.org/10.1620/ tjem.213.25
  29. D'Agostino RB, Hamman RF, Karter AJ, Mykkanen L, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM. Cardiovascular disease risk factors predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(9):2234-2240. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.9.2234
  30. Nazare JA, Smith JD, Borel AL, Haffner SM, Balkau B, Ross R, et al. Ethnic influences on the relations between abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposity, liver fat, and cardiometabolic risk profile:the international study of prediction of intra-abdominal adiposity and its relationship with cardiometabolic risk intra-abdominal adiposity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2012;96(4):714-726. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.035758