Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Anti-tumor activities of Panax quinquefolius saponins and potential biomarkers in prostate cancer

  • He, Shan (Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna) ;
  • Lyu, Fangqiao (Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University) ;
  • Lou, Lixia (The Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine) ;
  • Liu, Lu (Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University) ;
  • Li, Songlin (Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences) ;
  • Jakowitsch, Johannes (Department of Internal Medicine, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna) ;
  • Ma, Yan (Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna)
  • Received : 2019.05.12
  • Accepted : 2019.12.30
  • Published : 2021.03.01
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Abstract

Background: Prostate carcinoma is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. Developing new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer (PC) is a significant need. The Chinese herbal medicine Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS) have been reported to show anti-tumor effects. We hypothesized that PQS exhibits anti-cancer activity in human PC cells and we aimed to search for novel biomarkers allowing early diagnosis of PC. Methods: We used the human PC cell line DU145 and the prostate epithelial cell line PNT2 to perform cell viability assays, flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle, and FACS-based apoptosis assays. Microarray-based gene expression analysis was used to display specific gene expression patterns and to search for novel biomarkers. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to demonstrate the expression levels of multiple cancer-related genes. Results: Our data showed that PQS inhibited the viability of DU145 cells and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. A significant decrease in DU145 cell invasion and migration were observed after 24 h treatment by PQS. PQS up-regulated the expression levels of p21, p53, TMEM79, ACOXL, ETV5, and SPINT1 while it down-regulated the expression levels of bcl2, STAT3, FANCD2, DRD2, and TMPRSS2. Conclusion: PQS promoted cells apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of DU145 cells, which suggests that PQS may be effective for treating PC. TMEM79 and ACOXL were expressed significantly higher in PNT2 than in DU145 cells and could be novel biomarker candidates for PC diagnosis.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Health (GZ 402.000/0006-II/6b/2012), and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy (GZ 402.000/0009-WF/V/6/2016) awarded to Yan Ma, and supported by Austrian Eurasia Pacific UNINET Technology Scholarships awarded to Lu Liu (2014) and Lixia Lou (2016) and an Ernst Mach Scholarship awarded to Fanqiao Lyu (2017). The authors would like to thank Professor Eniko Kallay group for supporting the cell lines.

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