Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Atypical formations of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids as new materials and their beneficial effects on degenerative diseases

  • Ji-Hun Kim (Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Ra Mi Lee (Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Hyo-Bin Oh (Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng) ;
  • Tae-Young Kim (Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng) ;
  • Hyewhon Rhim (Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center) ;
  • Yoon Kyung Choi (Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University) ;
  • Jong-Hoon Kim (College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Seikwan Oh (Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Do-Geun Kim (Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute) ;
  • Ik-Hyun Cho (Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Seung-Yeol Nah (Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University)
  • Received : 2022.12.13
  • Accepted : 2023.02.12
  • Published : 2024.01.01
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Abstract

Fresh ginseng is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. For long-term storage, most fresh ginsengs are dried to white ginseng (WG) or steamed for hours at high temperature/pressure and dried to form Korean Red ginseng (KRG). They are further processed for ginseng products when subjected to hot water extraction/concentration under pressure. These WG or KRG preparation processes affect ginsenoside compositions and also other ginseng components, probably during treatments like steaming and drying, to form diverse bioactive phospholipids. It is known that ginseng contains high amounts of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). LPAs are simple lipid-derived growth factors in animals and humans and act as exogenous ligands of six GTP-binding-protein coupled LPA receptor subtypes. LPAs play diverse roles ranging from brain development to hair growth in animals and humans. LPA-mediated signaling pathways involve various GTP-binding proteins to regulate downstream pathways like [Ca2+]i transient induction. Recent studies have shown that gintonin exhibits anti-Alzheimer's disease and antiarthritis effects in vitro and in vivo mediated by gintonin LPAs, the active ingredients of gintonin, a ginseng-derived neurotrophin. However, little is known about how gintonin LPAs are formed in high amounts in ginseng compared to other herbs. This review introduces atypical or non-enzymatic pathways under the conversion of ginseng phospholipids into gintonin LPAs during steaming and extraction/concentration processes, which exert beneficial effects against degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and arthritis in animals and humans via LPA receptors.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (2023R1A2C1003481).

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