• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.201-214
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a test case generation method adequate to destructive test of the BLDC(Brush Less Direct Current) motor controller used for the MDPS(Motor Driven Power Steering) system embedded in an automobile. The proposed method is a modified CTM(Classification Tree Method). CTM generates test cases assuming that all inputs are equally important. Therefore, it is very hard to generate test cases for extreme situations. To overcome the drawback and generate test cases specialized for destructive test. a modified CTM that compensates the limitation of traditional CTM is proposed. The proposed method has an advantage that it can intensively generate the test scenarios adequate to extreme situations by combining the test cases generated by the transitional CTM the while keeping the merit of the traditional CTM. The test scenarios for destructive test for the MDPS system embedded in a commercial automobile are generated utilizing the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified through the test.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.581-588
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• 2018

In this article, electrochemical investigation of the transfer reaction of ionizable cefotiam (CTM), an antibiotic molecule across a polarized water/1,2-dichloroethane (water/1,2-DCE) interface was studied. Ion partition diagram providing the preferred charged form of CTM in either water or 1,2-DCE phase was established via the voltammetric evaluation of the transfer process of differently charged CTM species depending upon the pH variation of aqueous solutions. Thermodynamic information including the formal transfer potential and formal Gibbs transfer energy values in addition to important pharmacokinetics including partition coefficients of ionizable CTM were also evaluated. In particular, the current associated with the transfer of CTM present at pH 3.0 aqueous solution proportionally increased with respect to the CTM concentration which was further used for developing CTM sensitive ion sensor. In order to improve the portability and convenient usage, a single microhole interface fabricated in a supportive polyethylene terephthalate film was used of which hole was filled with a polyvinylchloride-2-nitrophenyloctylether (PVC-NPOE) gel replacing 1,2-DCE, a toxic organic solvent. A dynamic range of $1-10{\mu}M$ CTM was obtained.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.540-549
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• 2017

Objective : To evaluate the diagnostic value of computed tomography-myelography (CTM) compared to that of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Methods : The study included 91 patients presenting with radicular leg pain caused by herniated nucleus pulposus or lateral recess stenosis in the lumbar spine. The degree of nerve root compression on MRI and CTM was classified into four grades. The results of each imaging modality as assessed by two different observers were compared. Visual analog scale score for pain and electromyography result were the clinical parameters used to evaluate the relationships between clinical features and nerve root compression grades on both MRI and CTM. These relationships were quantified by calculating the receiver-operating characteristic curves, and the degree of relationship was compared between MRI and CTM. Results : McNemar's test revealed that the two diagnostic modalities did not show diagnostic concurrence (p<0.0001). Electromyography results did not correlate with grades on either MRI or CTM. The visual analog pain scale score results were correlated better with changes of the grades on CTM than those on MRI (p=0.0007). Conclusion : The present study demonstrates that CTM could better define the pathology of degenerative lumbar spine diseases with radiculopathy than MRI. CTM can be considered as a useful confirmative diagnostic tool when the exact cause of radicular pain in a patient with lumbar radiculopathy cannot be identified by using MRI. However, the invasiveness and potential complications of CTM are still considered to be pending questions to settle.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2020

This study investigates the association of the AFB stain with the cycle threshold (Ct) value of the Cobas TaqMan MTB test (CTM test, Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland), and it establishes the base data for semi-quantitative identification of M. tuberculosis by the Ct value. CTM test were simultaneously conducted on 8,389 specimens submitted to the Samsung Medical Center from January 2015 to December 2015, and the results were analyzed and compared retrospectively investigates the association of the AFB stain with the Ct value of the CTM test, and it establishes the base data for semi-quantitative identification of M. tuberculosis by the Ct value. The Ct values for 135 positive specimens of the CTM were inversely correlated with the AFB stain (rs=-0.545, P<0.01). When the Ct value of the CTM test and the time to positivity (TTP) of the mycobacteria cultures were verified based on the AFB stain, they were found to have a positive correlation (rs=0.136, P<0.01). The negative correlation between the CTM test and the AFB stain grade was demonstrated. The clinical significance was verified by applying these criteria to the clinical results. The semi-quantitative criteria of this study can be used to facilitate the rapid isolation of patients with active tuberculosis and infection control in the hospital.

• Neurospine
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.388-393
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• 2018

Objective: Computed tomography following myelography (CTM) revealed an unusual flow of contrast dye into the anterior median fissure (AMF) in a patient with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Since then, several AMF configurations have been observed on CTM. Therefore, we evaluated morphological patterns of the AMF on CTM and investigated the significance and mechanisms of contrast dye flow into the AMF. Methods: Morphological patterns of the AMF on CTM were examined in 79 patients. Group A (24 patients) underwent surgery because of symptomatic cervical myelopathy. Group B (43 patients) had no clinical symptoms but showed spinal cord compression on CTM. Group C (12 patients), who showed neither clinical symptoms nor cord changes, underwent CTM for lumbar lesion evaluation. AMF patterns were classified into 4 types according to their configurations on CTM (reversed T, Y, V, and O types). Results: In group B, the reversed T type and Y type appeared significantly more often near the compressed portion (p<0.001). A similar tendency was seen in group A. The V and O types were most frequently observed in group C (p<0.001). Conclusion: On CTM, contrast dye tends to flow into the AMF of the cervical cord when the spinal cord is compressed. We speculate that there may be 3 possible mechanisms for this phenomenon: deformation of the epipial layer of the AMF due to cervical cord compression, AMF dilatation due to atrophy of the anterior funiculus or anterior horn, and temporary AMF dilatation when it becomes an alternative route for cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.438-438
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• 2012

결정질 실리콘 태양전지 공정 중 텍스쳐 공정은 표면에서 반사되는 반사광을 줄여 단락전류(Isc)를 증가시킨다. 표면 텍스쳐 형성 방식으로는 일반적으로 습식 식각(Wet etching) 공정과 건식 식각(Reactive ion etching:RIE) 공정이 있다. 습식 식각 공정은 식각 용액을 사용하는 공정이며 건식 식각 공정은 플라즈마를 통하여 식각하는 공정으로 습식 식각 공정의 경우 식각 용액에 의한 공정상 위험도가 높으며, 용액의 폐기물에 의한 환경오염 문제가 크다. 건식 식각공정의 경우 습식 식각과 달리 공정상 위험도가 낮으며 불규칙적인 결정방향에 영향 받지 않는 비등방성 식각이 가능하여 다결정 실리콘 태양전지의 경우 습식 식각 공정보다 반사광이 적어 단락전류가 증가하게 된다. 그리고 태양전지를 Photovoltaic module로 만들게 되면 태양전지의 효율이 떨어지는데 이것을 Cell to module loss (CTM loss)라 부르며 이는 태양전지의 발전량을 줄이는 큰 원인이 된다. CTM loss의 경우 습식 식각 공정보다 건식 식각 공정에서 더 크게 나타나며 건식 식각 공정한 PV module의 경우 CTM loss로 인해 습식 식각 공정을 통한PV module와 비슷한 효율을 내게 된다. 본 연구에서는 식각 공정의 방식에 따라 나타나는CTM loss 중 광 손실 원인을 외부양자효율(External Quantum Efficiency)과 투과율(Transmittance), 반사율(Reflectance) 등 광 특성 통하여 분석한다.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.475-489
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• 1997

Connective tissue massage(CTM, Bindegewebs massage) are developed and named by Mrs. Elizabeth Dicke, a German physical therapist. The CTM is used primarily for internal disorder such as myocarditis, coronary insufficiency, high blood pressure, functional stomach and intestinal disorders, inflamma-tion of the gallbladder, and hepatitis, arterial circulatory problems, venous disorders, headache, particularly trauma to the head, and some gynecologic disorder, etc. Which is performed with special stroking technique of the subcutaneous tissue of the trunk, extremities, and face. The mechanism of effectiveness of CTM is based on a viscerocutaneous reflex. The stroking stimulates the nerve end-ings of the autonomic nervous system. The impulses activated by stroking travel to the sympathetic trunk and the spinal cord and brain, which causes a change in reaction susceptibility. The most important for apply CTM is necessary to know the reflex zone (Head's zone, Mackenzie's zone and Dicke's connective tissue zone). Dicke's connective tissue zones are only found by the special dia-gnostic stroking. Because the connective tissue zones no discomfort when unmanipulated, and thus the patient is unaware of them. It is characterized by diagnostic stroking that causes a sharp pain in the tissue. As a general rule, all treatment are preceded by the basic stroke from the level of the coccyx to the first lumbar vertebra and each stroke is done three times. The right side is done first, then the left side.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.403-410
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• 1997

본 연구는기존의 보고에서 보다 감광화효율을 더욱 향상시키기 위하여 결정형이 다른 전하발생물질 (CGM:Charge Generation Material)과 전하수송물질(CTM:Charge Transport Material)을 사용하여 감광체를 만들었고, 이들의 정전특성을 비교검토하였다. 전하발생물질로서 결정형이 다른 $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, x-형 무금속 프탈로시아닌 (H$_{2}$Pc)을 사용한 결과, x-H$_{2}$Pc를 사용한 감광체의 감도는 E$_{1}$2/의 값이 2.62 $\mu$J/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 두수하게 나타났다. 전하발생층(CGL:Charge Generation Layer)에 첨가되는 CGM-CTM, CGM-CTM-ZnO로 구성된 감광체보다 전하발생층에 전하발생계만으로 구성된 감광체의 경우의 전하유지율 (80%) 및 감도(E$_{1}$2/=2.83$\mu$J/$\textrm{cm}^2$)면에서 우수함을 보여주었다. 한편 binder로서 PVB-co-PVA-co-PVA$_{c}$[poly(viny1 butyral-co-viny1 alcohol-co-viny1 acetate)]를 사용했을 때는, CGM-CTM으로 구성된 감광체보다 CGL에 CGM-CTM으로 구성된 감광체의 경우의 전하유지율(71%) 및 감도(E$_{1}$2/=2.62$\mu$J/$\textrm{cm}^2$)면에서 우수함을 보여주었다.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 1996

In today's highly automated aircraft, the role of the pilot has changed from an airplane controller to a system manager. As a system manager in a cockpit, today's pilot is in charge of a management-level activity called cockpit task management( CTM). According to earlier studies, pilot errors in performing CTM activities were significant factors in a large number of aircraft accidents and incidents. The primary objective of this research was to reduce CTM-related pilot errors. A prototype pilot- vehicle interface called the cockpit task management system (CTMS) was developed and its effectiveness in improving CTM performance was evaluated. After the CTMS was implemented, it was integrated into a PC-based flight simulator to perform an experiment to evaluate its effectiveness. Eight volunteer subjects were used to collect performance data. The results of the experiment indicated that a statistically significant improvement was observed when the subjects flew with the assistance of the CTMS.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.912-915
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• 1996

The computed-torque method (CTM) shows good trajectory tracking performance in controlling robot manipulator if there is no disturbance or modelling errors. But with the increase of a payload or the disturbance of a manipulator, the tracking errors become large. So there have been many researches to reduce the tracking error. In this paper, we propose a new control algorithm based on the CTM that decreases a tracking error by generating new reference trajectory to the controller. In this algorithm we used the concept of sliding mode theory and fuzzy system to reduce chattering in control input. For the numerical simulation, we used a 2-link robot manipulator. To simulate the disturbance due to a modelling uncertainty, we added errors to each elements of the inertia matrix and the nonlinear terms and assumed a payload to the end-effector. In this simulation, proposed method showed better trajectory tracking performance compared with the CTM.