• Title/Summary/Keyword: Potassium formate

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Effect of Potassium Formate, Glycine and Oxalic Acid in Sulfate Bath on Trivalent Chromium Deposition Composition and Current Efficiency (Potassium formate, Glycine, Oxalic acid가 황화물계 3가 크롬도금층의 조성과 전류효율에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Man;Kim, Dae-Young;Park, Sang-Eon;Kwon, Sik-Chul;Choi, Yong
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.86-91
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    • 2004
  • Effect of potassium formate, glycine and oxalic acid in a sulfate solution on the deposit composition and current efficiency of trivalent chromium plating was studied. The trivalent chromium layers prepared by solutions with potassium formate, glycine and oxalic acid contain a few carbon inside. The solutions containing potassium formate, glycine and oxalic acid are relatively stable with pH change. The solution with the potassium formate shows 6-30% current efficiency with current density, whereas, the solutions with oxalic acid and glycine show about 5% current efficiency, respectively. The improved current efficiency is related to enough supply of chromium ions to the electrode due to the increase of pH at the front of electrode.

Pavement Impact Evaluation of Basic Materials of Airport Airside Deicers (공항 airside용 제설제의 기본물질에 대한 포장 영향성 평가 연구)

  • Kim, Young Ung;You, Kwang Ho;Jo, Chang Yeol;Cho, Nam-Hyun
    • International Journal of Highway Engineering
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.25-34
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    • 2016
  • OBJECTIVES : This is a basic research for the domestic production of airport-airside deicers. This research selected basic materials for deicers appropriate for the pavement of domestic airports by evaluating the deicing performances of basic materials used in international-standard airport deicers and their impacts on pavements. METHODS : Laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the asphalt surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, ASR impact, and deicing performances of sodium formate (NaFm), potassium formate (KFm), sodium acetate (NaAc), and potassium acetate (KAc), which are the basic de-icing materials commonly used at international airports, approved by the FAA. In addition, the analyses were also performed on the airside deicer urea, which is currently used in domestic airports. RESULTS : Laboratory investigation confirmed that sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate had superior surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, and deicing performance compared to airside urea, but they also had greater impacts on concrete ASR. Among these materials, sodium formate had the best asphalt surface tensile strength, concrete scaling impact, and deicing performance, while also having the greatest impact on ASR; hence, mitigation plans for ASR were needed, if it were to be used as airport-airside deicer. CONCLUSIONS : It is necessary to consider additional additives to prevent ASR of concrete pavements when developing airport-airside deicers using sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate.

Ice Melting Capacity Evaluation of Applicable Materials of De-icing Fluid for High Speed Railway Rolling Stock (고속철도차량용 제빙액으로의 적용가능물질에 대한 융빙성능 평가)

  • Park, Gyoung-Won;Lee, Jun-Ku;Lee, Hong-Ki
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.384-388
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    • 2019
  • In winter season, the snow and ice accretion on the bottom of the high speed railway rolling stock and boogie part has fallen at a high speed from the ballast section (gravel section for the transmission of the rolling stock load received by sleepers and fixing sleepers), causing the gravel to be scattered, thereby damaging the railway rolling stock structures and facilities. In order to solve these problems, the gravel scattering prevention net, manual de-icing, and movable hot air machine were used, but their efficiency was low. For the more efficient de-icing than ever before, an optimum material for de-icing fluid for high speed railway rolling stock was developed by evaluating the ice melting capacity, kinematic viscosity, evaporation of the material used as a chemical de-icing fluid. Four kinds of organic acid salts (sodium formate, sodium acetate, potassium formate and potassium acetate) and two different alcohols (propylene glycol, glycerol) were used as evaluation materials. Potassium formate, potassium acetate, and propylene glycol had similar ice melting capacities in the indoor test, but the propylene glycol showed the best ice melting capacity in spraying the system simulation test. This is because the kinematic viscosity of propylene glycol was 2.989029 St, which is higher than those of other materials therefore, it could stay longer on the ice and de-icing. In addition, potassium formate and potassium acetate were difficult to be used since the crystals precipitated and adversely affected the appearance of the rolling stock. The propylene glycol is the most optimum as an de-icing fluid for the high speed railway rolling stock.

Analysis and hazard evaluation of heat-transfer fluids for the direct contact cooling system

  • Hong, Joo Hi;Lee, Yeonhee;Shin, Youhwan;Karng, Sarngwoo;Kim, Youngil;Kim, Seoyoung
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.323-332
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    • 2006
  • This paper discusses several low-temperature heat-tranfer fluids, including water-based inorganic salt, organic salt, alcohol/glycol mixtures, silicones, and halogenated hydrocarbons in order to choose the best heat-transfer fluid for the newly designed direct contact refrigeration system. So, it contains a survey on commercial products such as propylene glycol and potassium formate as newly used in super market and food processing refrigeration. The stability of commercial fluids at the working temperature of $-20^{\circ}C$ was monitored as a function of time up to two months. And organic and inorganic compositions of candidate fluids were obtained by analytical instruments such as ES, XRF, AAS, ICP-AES, GC, and GC-MS. Analysis results indicate that commercial propylene glycol is very efficient and safe heat transfer fluids for the direct cooling system with liquid phase.

The Effects of Intracellular Monocarboxylates on the ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

  • Kim, Na-Ri;Han, Jin;Kim, Eui-Yong;Ho, Won-Kyung;Earm, Yung E.
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.2 no.5
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    • pp.581-589
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    • 1998
  • A regulating mechanism of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels $(K_{ATP}\;channels)$ is yet to fully explained. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of intracellular application of monocarboxylates (acetate, formate, lactate, and pyruvate) on $K_{ATP}$ channels in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes. Single channel currents of $K_{ATP}$ channels were recorded using the excised inside-out or permeabilized attached (open-cell) patch-clamp technique at room temperature. Intracellular application of acetate, formate and pyruvate led to an inhibition of channel activity, whereas intracellular application of lactate increased channel activity. These effects were reversible upon washout. Analysis of single channel kinetics showed that monocarboxylates did not affect open-time constant and close-time constant. These results suggest that monocarboxylates participate in modulating $K_{ATP}$ channels activity in cardiac cells and that modulation of $K_{ATP}$ channels activity may resolve the discrepancy between the low $K_i$ in excised membrane patches and high levels of intracellular ATP concentration during myocardial ischemia or hypoxia.

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Photocatalytic Dehydrogenation of Potassium Formate Over Pd/TiO2 (Pd/TiO2 촉매를 이용한 HCO2K 광 분해 반응)

  • JEON, MINA;CHOI, SU BIN;DOH, HYUNMI;PARK, HYUN S.;YOON, CHANG WON;NAM, SUK WOO
    • Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.447-452
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    • 2017
  • A $Pd/TiO_2$ catalyst was prepared by a conventional impregnation method, and further characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The as-prepared material was employed to accelerate dehydrogenation of potassium formate in the presence of light at different temperatures. The $Pd/TiO_2$ catalyst showed distinct dehydrogenation activities, and particularly, the material exhibited a higher turnover frequency (TOF) of $2,097h^{-1}$ at $80^{\circ}C$ after 10 minutes in the presence of light compared to that (TOF of $1,477h^{-1}$) obtained in the absence of light. Numerous analytical techniques suggest that the increased dehydrogenation activity likely originates from light-excited electron and hole at the photocatalyst, i.e., $TiO_2$, in conjunction with metal-support interaction.

3價크롬염에 의한 크롬鍍金

  • Go, Seok-Su;Park, Byeong-Ga
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 1977
  • The trivalent choromium plating process have been studied by serveral group of orkers in the recent years. In the plating process, Alecra 3 process is the most familiar one. Potassium formate and potassium chloride of the bath compositions in the above process, are exchanged for sodium formate and sodium chloride, and then they have been examined characteristics of the electrodeposition using above bath solution and a few optimum conditions. The results are as follows, (1) The characteristics of the electrodeposition ; that is, throwing power, covering power, appearance, and deposition rate are most satisfied when concentration of $CrCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$ is 0.4 mol/l, and mol ratio of HCOONa to Chromium(III); HCOONa/$Cr^{3+}$, is 2 to 3. (2) Throwing power, covering power, color and deposit rate show a similiar tendency to Alecra 3 process.

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Effects of Supplementary Immune Modulators(MOS, Lectin) and Organic Acid Mixture(Organic acid F, Organic acid G) on the Performance, Profile of Leukocytes and Erythrocytes, Small Intestinal Microflora and Immune Response in Laying Hens (면역기능 조절제(MOS, Lectin)와 유기산제(Organic acid F, Organic acid G)가 산란계의 생산성, 혈액성상과 소장내 미생물 균총 및 면역체계에 미치는 영향)

  • Woo, K.C.;Kim, C.H.;Paik, I.K.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.49 no.4
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    • pp.481-490
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    • 2007
  • An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of MOS, lectin and organic acid mixture(Organic acid F, Organic acid G) on the egg production, egg quality, profile of leukocytes and erythrocytes, small intestinal microflora and immune response in laying hens. A total of 900 Hy-line BrownⓇ laying hens of 48 wks old were assigned to one of the following 6 dietary treatments:control(C), C+AvillamycinⓇ 6ppm, C+MOS 250ppm, C+lectin 12.5ppm, C+Organic acid F(formic acid 35.4%, formate 34.6%, potassium 30.0%) 0.3% and C+0rgarnic acid G(fumaric acid 23%, calcium formate 14%, potassium sorbate 5%, calcium propionate 7%) 0.06%. Each treatment was replicated five times with thirty birds per replicate, housed in 2 bird cages. Feeding trial lasted for 6 wks under 16 hours lighting regimen. All supplemental groups were higher than the control in 6 wks hen-day and hen-housed egg production showing the highest with MOS treatment(P<0.05). Soft & broken egg productions were lower in supplemental groups than in the control except lectin treatment(P<0.05). Eggyolk color of supplemental groups was higher than that of the control except Organic acid G treatment(P<0.05). The values of RBC, HB, MCHC were highest in lectin treatment and lowest in MOS treatment(P<0.05). The numbers of intestinal microflora were not significantly different among the treatments. Serum IgG levels of all supplemental groups were higher than those of the control(P<0.05). In conclusion, for supplementation of antibiotics, immune modulators and organic acid mixture improved production parameters in general. Among the supplements, MOS showed the best performance in egg production and eggyolk color.

Batch Conversion of Methane to Methanol Using Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b as Biocatalyst

  • Hwang, In Yeub;Hur, Dong Hoon;Lee, Jae Hoon;Park, Chang-Ho;Chang, In Seop;Lee, Jin Won;Lee, Eun Yeol
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.375-380
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    • 2015
  • Recently, methane has attracted much attention as an alternative carbon feedstock since it is the major component of abundant shale and natural gas. In this work, we produced methanol from methane using whole cells of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b as the biocatalyst. M. trichosporium OB3b was cultured on NMS medium with a supply of 7:3 air/methane ratio at 30℃. The optimal concentrations of various methanol dehydrogenase inhibitors such as potassium phosphate and EDTA were determined to be 100 and 0.5 mM, respectively, for an efficient production of methanol. Sodium formate (40 mM) as a reducing power source was added to enhance the conversion efficiency. A productivity of 49.0 mg/l·h, titer of 0.393 g methanol/l, and conversion of 73.8% (mol methanol/mol methane) were obtained under the optimized batch condition.

Electro-deposition and Crystallization Behaviors of Cr-C and Cr-C-P Alloy Deposits Prepared by Trivalent Chromium Sulfate Bath (황화물계 3가 크롬도금욕에서 크롬-탄소 및 크롬-탄소-인 합금도금의 전착과 결정화거동)

  • Kim, Man;Kim, Dae-Young;Park, Sang-Eon;Kwon, Sik-Chul;Choi, Yong
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.80-85
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    • 2004
  • Chromium-carbon (Cr-C) and chromium-carbon-phosphorus (Cr-C-P) alloy deposits using trivalent chromium sulfate baths containing potassium formate were prepared to study their current efficiency, hardness change and phase transformations behavior with heat treatment, respectively. The current efficiencies of Cr-C and Cr-C-P alloy deposits increase with increasing current density in the range of 15-35 A/dm$^2$. Carbon content of Cr-C and phosphorous of Cr-C-P layers decreases with increasing current density, whereas, the carbon content of Cr-C-P layer is almost constant with the current density. Cr-C deposit shows crystallization at $400^{\circ}C$ and has (Cr+Cr$_{ 23}$$C_{6}$) phases at $800^{\circ}C$. Cr-C-P deposit shows crystallization at $600^{\circ}C$ and has (Cr+Cr$_{23}$ $C_{6}$$+Cr_3$P) phases at $800^{\circ}C$. The hardness of Cr-C and Cr-C-P deposits after heating treatment for one hour increase up to Hv 1640 and Hv 1540 and decrease about Hv 820 and Hv 1270 with increasing annealing temperature in the range of $400~^{\circ}C$, respectively. The hardness change with annealing is due to the order of occurring of chromium crystallization, precipitation hardening effect, softening and grain growth with temperature. Less decrease of hardness of Cr-C-P deposit after annealing above $700^{\circ}C$ is related to continuous precipitation of $Cr_{23}$ $C_{6}$ and $Cr_3$P phases which retard grain growth at the temperature.