• Title/Summary/Keyword: S. capricornutum

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Effect of Ionic Copper Toxicity on the Growth of Green Alga, Selenastrum capricornutum

  • Kim, Mi-Kyung;Ralph E. H. Smith
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.211-216
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    • 2001
  • The growth of Selenastrum capricornutum in culture was investigated as a function of ionic copper concentrations to verify the toxicity and physiological variation. In a $Cu^{++}$ excess culture (E: $Cu^{++}$ of $130{\mu}g/l$), the growth rate (K)(0.32) was lower than that of the control culture (C: $Cu^{++}$ of $0.065{\mu}g/l$) (0.61) after 8 days and the exponential growth rate ($R_E$) was also found to be lower in culture E (1.1) than culture C (2.9). On the contrary, the K of S. capricornutum in trace $Cu^{++}$ culture ($T_1$ and $T_2$, 0.72) after 6 days tended to be more increased than culture C (0.68). From 8 to 14 days of culture, the amounts of chlorophyllls a and b were increased in culture C (chlorophyll a, $106->126{\mu}g/g$ dry wt; chlorophyll b, $158->208{\mu}g/g$ dry wt; chlorophyll b were decreased in culture E (chlorophyll a, $309->235{\mu}g/g$ dry wt; chlorophyll b, $405->352{\mu}g/g$ dry wt). The amounts of chlorophylls in ionic copper trace culture ($T_1$ and $T_2$) [(chl a/b) of $T_1$: $384/620\;{\mu}g/g$ dry wt; (chl a/b) of $T^2$:$320/467{\mu}g/g$ dry wt] were increased more than the culture C($260/387{\mu}g/g$ dry wt). Howeveer, when photosynthetic rates were normalized to the dry weight of algae, the control culture continued to showed higher values than the treated culture ($T_1$). An appropriate amount of ionic copper ($T_1:\;26\;{\mu}g/l$) stimulated the grwoth of S. capricornutum than the ionic copper content of $13\;{\mu}g/l$ ($T_2$), while the excess amount of ionic copper ($130\;{\mu}g/l$) resulted in the highest toxicity to the growth of S. capricornutum.

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The Whole Effluent Toxicity Tests of Wastewater Discharged from Various Wastewater Treatment Plants and Their Impact Analyses on Biological Component (폐수처리장의 전 방류수 독성 평가 및 방류수 배출하천의 생지표도 영향분석)

  • Ra, Jin-Sung;Kim, Sang-Don;An, Kwang-Guk;Chang, Nam-Ik
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.353-361
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    • 2005
  • In this study, we performed whole effluent toxicity(WET) test and compared the biological component analyses tests for some streams into which wastewater treatment plant effluents are discharged. The test procedures for the WET test and the biological component analysis were conducted according to U.S. EPA guidelines and the Ohio EPA wading method. The WET tests based on the test species of D. manga and S. capricornutum All treatment plants showed a S. capricornutum toxicity, and at 7 sites, except A and J, we could observe a D. magna toxicity. The highest toxicity was observed at site D and this were followed by E and F. The biological component analyses applied to the effluent discharged stream. We found that total species were low at sites C1, D1 and J1 and the low number of total individuals were observed at sites A1, C1, E1, H1, and J1 compared to the controls and other sites. The species richness was low at sites A1, B1, C1, D1, and J1. The species change was evident at site D(D1) and the tolerant species was predominant. The biological analyses and WET tests suggested that the effluents resulted in massive ecosystem impact.

Comparison of the Sensitivity of Freshwater Algae to 6 Pesticides for Paddy Rice (담수조류의 벼재배용 농약 6종에 대한 감수성 비교)

  • Bae, Chul-Han;Park, Yeon-Ki;Kim, Yeon-Sik;Cho, Kyung-Won;Lee, Suk-Hee;Jung, Chang-Kook
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.222-228
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    • 2008
  • Algal Growth-inhibition tests were conducted with 6 pesticides butachlor GR (5%), butachlor EW (33%), isoprothiolane GR (12%), isoprothiolane EC (40%), diazinon GR (3%) and diazinon EC (34%) to determine their comparative toxicity to three species of freshwater green algae Selenastrum capricornutum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vulgris and one species diatom Nitzschia palea. The test species were exposed to the test pesticide for 72 hours and the toxicity represented $EC_{50}$ value calculated by the reduction in growth rate at 72 hours. The toxicity of EC or EW formulation to green algae and diatom was higher than the toxicity of GR formulation at all test in this study. Also, the toxicity of EC formulation was higher than the toxicity technical pesticide. These results indicate that the types of pesticide formulation may affect on their toxicity on algae and the green alga, S. capricornutum and S. subspicatus were more sensitive than C. vulgris. Also, the sensitivity of the diatom, N. palea showed equal or lower than S. capricornutum, S. subspicatus but more sensitive than C. vulgris.

A Comparison of Sensitivity of Four Freshwater Algae to Five Pesticides (5종 농약에 대한 4종 담수조류(freshwater algae)의 감수성 비교)

  • Park, Yeon-Ki;Kim, Byung-Seok;Bae, Chul-Han;Kim, Yeon-Sik;Park, Kyung-Hoon;Lee, Jea-Bong;Shin, Jin-Sup;Hong, Soon-Sung;Lee, Kyu-Seung;Lee, Jung-Joon
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.50-56
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of isoprothiolane, diazinon, butachlor, dimethametryn and molinate in Selenastrum capriconurtum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vufgaris and Nitzschia palea during an exposure period of 72 hours. The study was carried out in according with the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition Test. The toxicological responses of isoprothiolane to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ (Median Effective Concentration by growth rate) value, were 5.87, 9.91, $18.55 and 38.79\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Diazinone to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 10.31, 11.44, >32 and $14.32\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Butachlor to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. plaea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 0.002, 0.019, 8.67 and $4.94\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Dimethamelryn to S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 0.0071, 0.011, 0.0065 and $0.009\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Molinate to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 0.44, 1.26, 48.84 and $28.52\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The sensitivities of five pesticides were different depending on freshwater alga in the order of S. capriconutum > S. subspicatus > C. vulgaris, N. palea. Highly significant correlation (r=0.9677) based on $ErC_{50}$ were found between S. capriconutum and S. subspicatus.

Ecological Risk Assessment(ERA) of Abandoned Mine Drainage(AMD) in Korea Based on Vibrio fisheri, Selenastrum capricornutum, and Daphnia magna (국내 폐광산 지역의 Vibrio fisheri, Selenastrum capricornutum, 그리고 Daphnia magna를 이용한 생태 위해성 평가)

  • Kim, Ki-Tae;Lee, Byoung-Cheun;Kim, Dong-Wook;Kim, Sang-Don
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.163-168
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    • 2007
  • Ecological risk assessment(ERA) to 5 abandoned mine drainage was investigated by using chemical measurement and bioassay experiment. From the results of chemical analysis, the high concentration of heavy metals are detected in most area. The Arsenite were mostly detected in Songcheon, Nakdong, and Dukum abandoned mine area, and various heavy metals were highly dispersed in Nakdong area. The study area have also high biological toxicity, resulted from the bioassay based on WET(Whole Effluent Toxicity) test by using Vibrio fisheri, Selenastrum copricornutum, and Daphnia magna. The maximum toxicity was shown in the point where the mine waters start to flow. The sensitivity of toxicity by S. capricornutum was relatively high considering the values of toxicity in all samples, from 1.3 to 32.0 TU. The different sensitivities of toxicity recommends the use of battery system, resulted from at least two test species for bioassay or ecological risk assessment of mine drainage. Besides, the results showed high hazard quotient(i.e., greater than 1 HQ value indicating potentially significant toxic risks) with regard to abandoned mine drainage area in this study. On the other hand, the biological toxicity results were sharply decreased by attenuation along further distance from discharging of mine waters. Therefore, environmental parameters including the dilution factor, dissolved organic matter, and hardness should be considered when the remediation and ERA of abandoned mine drainage is planned.

Environmental Impact of Phosphogypsum on the Ecotoxicity of A. salina, D. magna, O. latipes, and S. capricornutum

  • Park, Soo-Ho;Han, Bing;Lee, Woo-Bum;Kim, Jongo
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.15-21
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    • 2016
  • The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of recycled phosphogypsum (PG) as an embankment material with soil by performing batch and column ecotoxicity experiments. A. salina, D. magna, O. latipes and S. capricornutum were selected for the experiment. The effective concentration (EC50) of D. magna was the lowest value, 1.29 mg/L. The survival rates of A. salina, D. magna and O. latipes were more than 90% in the presence of PG leachate in the column test. The toxicity unit (TU) for the organisms was less than 1, indicating that no significant ecotoxicity effect was found. These findings suggested that PG could be recycled for use as an embankment and landfill material with soil.

Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Phosphogypsum Recycle for Algae and Daphnia magna (재활용 인산석고의 조류 및 물벼룩에 미치는 생물독성 평가)

  • Park, Soo-Ho;Kim, Jongo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.34 no.8
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    • pp.528-532
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    • 2012
  • This study investigated the possibility of phosphogypsum (PG) recycle as an embankment material by eco-toxicity experiments for S. capricornutum, T. suecica and D. magna. The eco-toxicity experiment was studied according to column leachates from PG mixing ratio, and a specific growth rate of S. capricornutum was usually higher than that of T. suecica. For D. magna, 0.3 of toxicity unit was obtained, which indicated the below of toxicity value of 1 at PG50 condition during a 48-hr test. A minor effect of column leachate samples on three organisms was observed. This study suggested that PG was satisfied with the criteria of waste recycle and could be reused at PG30 condition.

Effects of Transgenic Rice on Life History Traits of Daphnia magna in Life Table Experiments

  • Nam, Sung-Jin;Yang, Dong-Woo;Kim, Chang-Gi;Park, Sang-Kyu
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.319-324
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    • 2007
  • To investigate the impacts of transgenic rice on freshwater organisms, we conducted two life table experiments using Daphnia magna for fifteen and twenty days, respectively. We examined life history traits such as population growth rates (r), reproductive rates ($R_0$), generation times, and survivorship. In the first experiment, we used non-drought-stressed transgenic and non-transgenic rice harvested in 2005. In the second study, we used non-transgenic and transgenic rice harvested in 2006 following drought stress. Each experiment involved three treatments in which D. magna neonates were fed with Selenastrum capricornutum (control treatment) and S. capricornutum with 5% aqueous extracts of non-transgenic rice (N-T) and transgenic rice (T). In the first experiment, D. magna showed reduced population growth rates and lowered fecundity in the N-T and T treatments. In the second experiment, D. magna receiving both transgenic and non-transgenic rice extracts showed very high mortality, low population growth rates and reproduction rates. We could not detect any significant negative effects of extracts from transgenic rice on D. magna life history traits at 95%.

Effects of Butachlor on Growth of Four Freshwater Algae (Butachlor의 4종 담수조류(freshwater algae)에 대한 생장영향)

  • Park, Yeon-Ki;Bae, Chul-Han;Kim, Byung-Seok;Park, Kyung-Hoon;Lee, Jea-Bong;Shin, Jin-Sup;Hong, Soon-Sung;Cho, Kyung-Won;Lee, Kyu-Seung;Lee, Jung-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.82-87
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    • 2008
  • Algae are vital in the primary production of the aquatic ecosystem, having been considered as good indicators of the bioactivity of pesticides. Algae have short life cycle, respond quickly to environmental change and their diversity and density can indicate the quality of their habitat. The purpose of the study was to determine the growth inhibition effects of butachlor (Tech. 93.4%) and $K_2Cr_2O_7$ (Tech. 99.5%) in Selenastrum capriconutum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vulgaris and Nitzschia palea during and exposure period of 72 hours. The toxicological responses of S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. Palea to butachlor, expressed in individual $ErC_{50}$ values were 0.0022, 0.019, 8.67 and $4.94\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. NOEC values were 0.0008, 0.0016, 5.34 and $2.92\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. S. capriconutum was more sensitive than the other algae species. The toxicological responses of S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea to $K_2Cr_2O_7$ expressed as $ErC_{50}$ values were 0.91, 0.78, 0.85 and $0.57\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. NOEC values were 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 and $0.18\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Growth inhibition of S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea from PEC of butachlor were 100, 75, 0 and 0%, respectively.

Novel Algicidal Substance (Naphthoquinone Group) from Bio-derived Synthetic Materials against Harmful Cyanobacteria, Microcystis and Dolichospermum (유해 남조류 Microcystis와 Dolichospermum에 대하여 선택적 제어가 가능한 생물유래 살조물질 (Naphthoquinone 계열))

  • Joo, Jae-Hyoung;Cho, Hoon;Han, Myung-Soo
    • Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.22-34
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    • 2016
  • We developed a biologically-derived substance naphthoquinone (NQ) derivate for the eco-safe mitigation of harmful cyanobacteria blooms such as Microcystis and Dolichospermum. NQ was reacted with various substituents ($R_n$) to produce different NQ derivatives. We tested a total of 92 algicidal compounds based on the algicidal activity of Microcystis and Dolichospermum. 22 compounds of NQ were selected as candidates (algicidal activity >80% at $1{\mu}M$). Among them, NQ 40 compound showed the highest algicidal activity of 99.6% and 100% at the optimal concentration of $1{\mu}M$ on Microcystis and Dolichospermum, respectively. No algicidal effects of NQ 40 ($1{\mu}M$) were observed against non-target algae such as Stephanodiscus, Cyclotella and Peridinium. According to the results of acute eco-toxicity assessment, the $EC_{50}$ values of NQ 40 compound for Selenastrum capricornutum and Daphnia magna were 3.2 and $14.5{\mu}M$, respectively, and the $LC_{50}$ for Danio rerio was $15.7{\mu}M$. In addition, for D. magna chronic eco-toxicity assessment, no toxicity toward survival, growth and reproduction was observed. Therefore, we suggested the NQ 40 ($1{\mu}M$) compound as an alternative eco-safe algicidal substance to effectively mitigate harmful cyanobacteria blooms.