Journal of Mushroom (한국버섯학회지)

The Korean Society of Mushroom Science (한국버섯학회)
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Effects of beta glucan extract from Phellinus baumii on the eusociality of ants

장수상황버섯 베타글루칸 추출물이 개미 집단생활에 미치는 영향

  • Kim, Ha Won (Department of Life Science, University of Seoul) ;
  • Lee, Dong-Hee (Department of Life Science, University of Seoul)
  • 김하원 (서울시립대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학과) ;
  • 이동희 (서울시립대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학과)
  • Received : 2018.10.29
  • Accepted : 2018.12.10
  • Published : 2018.12.31
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Abstract

Beta glucan was purified from Phellinus baumii and tested for its effect on the group performance of ants, a principal model of eusociality and of superorganisms. Japanese carpenter ants (Camponotus japonicus) were reared on diets containing beta glucans to characterize their effects on eusociality. Culturing structures for ants were assembled by implanting autoclaved soil into polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Three different eusocial strength indices were used to study the effect of beta glucan extract (BGE) on eusocial activities - the number of residence chambers, cooperative defense index (CDI), and group size and composition. Control, low- BGE, and high-BGE diets were prepared with the following three levels of BGE supplements in sucrose powder: 0, 20, and 50% (g/g). More residence chambers were observed in the BGE-fed groups than in the control. The CDI against a foreign queen ant was calculated according to the time taken to subdue the foreign queen. The high-BGE group took less time to complete their defense formation than the other groups. Differences were evident between control and BGE-fed groups in the total numbers of ants and eggs. The BGE-fed groups showed a significant increase in both the number of workers and the number of eggs. When fed with BGE, ants responded positively for all three eusocial strength indices. These results show that BGE exerts beneficial effects on the eusociality of ants as a superorganism.

장수상황버섯 (Phellinus baumi) 자실체에서 추출한 베타글루칸을 이용하여 개미의 진정사회성에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 일본 왕개미 (Camponotus japonicus)를 베타글루칸의 추출물 (BGE)이 포함된 먹이를 공급한 후 진정사회성에 관한 실험을 실시하였다. 멸균된 토양을 PET 병에 넣은 후 세 가지 농도의 BGE 먹이를 이용하여 배양을 실시하였다. 설탕분말에 BGE를 중량비율로 각각0, 20, 50% (g/g)를 혼합하여 대조군, 저, 고의 세가지 농도로 BGE먹이를 만들었다. 진정사회성에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 세 가지의 진정사회성 지표를 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 개미집의 수, 협동 방어 노력 지수 (CDI), 개체군의 규모를 지표로 사용하였다. 고농도의 BGE를 공급한 집단에서 대조군보다 개미집의 형성도가 유의적으로 높았다. 외부 여왕 개미에 대한 반응을 나타내는 CDI에서도 차이를 보였는데, 고농도의 BGE 그룹은 다른 그룹보다 방어 체계를 완성하는 데 상대적으로 적은 시간이 걸렸고 참여하는 개미의 수도 유의적으로 많았다. 개미와 알의 수로 관측한 개체군의 규모에 있어 대조군과 BGE 그룹 간에 명백한 차이가 있었다. BGE가 공급된 그룹은 여왕을 제외하고 개미와 알의 수가 가장 많았다. 이 결과를 종합하면, 개미의 먹이에 BGE를 첨가할 때, 개미는 높은 진정 사회성 강화 지수를 보이며 이 결과는 BGE가 개미의 진정사회적 기능수행에 매우 긍정적인 영향을 준다는 것을 나타낸다.

Keywords

BSHGBD_2018_v16n4_304_f0001.png 이미지

Scheme 1. Procedures for the preparation of beta glucan extract (BGE) and measuring group performances of eusociality as superorganisms of Japanese carpenter ants (Camponotus japonicus). BGE was fed at the concentrations of 0, 20 and 50% (g/g) in diet.

BSHGBD_2018_v16n4_304_f0002.png 이미지

Fig. 1. Number of residence chambers. Ants were grown three days on the three different BGE diets: control, low and high [0, 20, and 50% (g/g)], respectively. The creation of residence chambers was observed. The graph shows the number of residence chamber which was monitored every 3 days until 30 days since the introduction of ants. The figures refer to the number of residence chambers on the day of counting. The x-axis refers to days after introduction. Error bars are omitted for the clear presentation of data (N=3).

BSHGBD_2018_v16n4_304_f0003.png 이미지

Fig. 2. Population size and composition. Ant farms were maintained for 30 days by feeding BGE-free or BGEsupplemented diet. At the termination of the experiment, the ant group was evaluated in terms of the total number and colony composition. Error bars represent the standard deviation (N=3).

BSHGBD_2018_v16n4_304_f0004.png 이미지

Fig. 3. Cooperative defense (CD) efforts. Defensive response was evident a few minutes after introduction of a foreign queen. The level of cooperative defense effort was quantitated as the cooperative defense index (CDI) according to the extent of readiness against the introduced foreign queen ant. CDI= 1/[F] (F: duration taken for completion of the defense form against a foreign queen). Bars represents CDI while the line, number of participants in the CD at the three BGE concentrations. Error bars represent the standard deviation (N=4).

BSHGBD_2018_v16n4_304_f0005.png 이미지

Fig. 4. Combinational analysis of the eusocial indexes. Three indexes in this study were standardized and combined to evaluate a specific effect of BGE on the eusociality. #RC: # of resident chambers; #P: population size consisting of workers and eggs; CDI: cooperative defense index.

Table 1. Quantification of β-glucan of BGE purified from the carpophores of Phellinus baumii by using β-glucan assay kit.

BSHGBD_2018_v16n4_304_t0001.png 이미지

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