DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Metallurgical Failure Analysis on a Suspension Clamp in 154kV Electric Power Transmission Tower

  • Lee, Jaehong (KEPCO Research Institute, Korea Electric Power Corporation) ;
  • Jung, Nam-gun (KEPCO Research Institute, Korea Electric Power Corporation)
  • Received : 2020.07.01
  • Accepted : 2021.09.27
  • Published : 2021.12.30

Abstract

Failure of a suspension clamp made of hot dip galvanized cast iron in 154kV transmission tower was investigated. Metallurgical analysis of a crack of the clamp was performed using a digital microscope, an optical microscope, and a scanning electron microscope. It was revealed that the crack surface was covered by continuous zinc layer. Distinctive casting skin was found underneath both the outer surface and crack surface. The result showed that pre-existing crack had been formed in the fabrication, and liquid metal embrittlement during hot dip galvanization may assist crack propagation.

Keywords

References

  1. Dzupon, Miroslav, et al. "Failure analysis of overhead power line yoke connector." Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 33, pp.66-74, Oct., 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.024
  2. Zhu, Bin, Zhoujie Zhu, Yongmin Jin, Kai Wang, Yilin Wang, and Yisheng Zhang. "Multilayered-Sheet Hot Stamping and Application in Electric-Power-Fitting Products," Metals, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.215, Feb., 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020215
  3. Boonmee, Sarum, "Ductile and Compacted Graphite Iron Casting Skin-Evaluation, Effect on Fatigue Strength and Elimination," Ph.D. dissertation, Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, 2013.
  4. Roy Elliott, "An introduction to cast irons," in "Cast iron technology,", Butterworth-Heinemann, 1st ed., London, UK, 1988.
  5. Stefanescu, D., et al., "Quantification of casting skin in ductile and compacted graphite irons and its effect on tensile properties," International Journal of Metalcasting, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 7-28, Oct., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355433
  6. Bramfitt, Bruce L., and Arlan O. Benscoter, "Alteration of Microstructure" in "Metallographer's guide: practice and procedures for irons and steels," ASM International, 2001.
  7. Bravo, P. M., M. Preciado, and J. M. Alegre, "Failure analysis of galvanized iron pipeline accessories of a fire protection system," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 16, no. 2, pp.669-674, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.02.009
  8. I. C. Okafor et al., "Effect of Zinc Galvanization on the Microstructure and Fracture Behavior of Low and Medium Carbon Structural Steels," Engineering, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 656-666, Aug., 2013. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.58079
  9. Feldmann, Markus, et al. "New rules in DASt-Richtlinie 022 for avoiding liquid metal assisted cracking (LMAC) of prefabricated structural steel components during hot-dip galvanizing," Steel Construction: Design and Research vol. 2, no. 2, pp.119-130, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.200910016
  10. James, M. N, "Residual stress influences on structural reliability," Engineering Failure Analysis vol. 18, no. 8 pp.1909-1920, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.06.005
  11. Wetzel D. Batch hot dip galvanized coatings. ASM handbook. Surface engineering, vol. 5. ASM International; 1994. p. 360-71.
  12. James, M. Neil, "Designing against LMAC in galvanised steel structures," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1051-1061, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.05.019
  13. Carpio, J., et al., "Stress corrosion cracking of structural steels immersed in hot-dip galvanizing baths," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 17, no.1, pp.19-27, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.11.005
  14. Radzikowska, Janina M., "Guide to Engineered Materials", Adv. Mater. Process., vol. 159, no. 12, pp. 46, Dec., 2001.
  15. Marder, A. R, "The metallurgy of zinc-coated steel," Progress in materials science, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 191-271, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(98)00006-1
  16. Sun, Min, and Zhengyuan Ma, "Effects of heat-treatment and hot-dip galvanizing on mechanical properties of RHS," Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 153, pp.603-617, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.11.012
  17. Ling, Zhanxiang, Min Wang, and Liang Kong. "Liquid metal embrittlement of galvanized steels during industrial processing: A review," Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing, Springer, Singapore, 2018. 25-42.
  18. Marshall, Leslie H. Embrittlement of malleable cast iron resulting from heat treatment, US Government Printing Office, no. 245, 1923.
  19. 奥本武臣, and 近藤賢治, "黒心可鍛鋳鉄の衝撃特性に対する熱処理時間および冷却方法の影響," 日本金属学会誌, vol. 26, no. 3, pp.204-209, 1962. (abstract only)
  20. 奥本武臣, and 近藤賢治. "黒心可鍛鋳鉄の衝撃特性におよぼす珪素の影響." 日本金属学会誌 26.3 (1962): 195-199. (abstract only)
  21. DiGiovanni, Christopher, et al. "Cracking in welded steel platform structures during hot-dip galvanization," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 79, pp. 1031-1042, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.06.021
  22. Gagne, M., and K. I. Heyrynen. "Environmental Embrittlement of Ductile Iron," 1989.
  23. Clegg, R. E., and D. R. H. Jones, "Liquid metal embrittlement in failure analysis." Soviet materials science: a transl. of Fiziko-khimicheskaya mekhanika materialov/Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, vol. 27, no. 5, pp.453-459, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00726455
  24. Mraz, L., and J. Lesay. "Problems with reliability and safety of hot dip galvanized steel structures." Soldagem & inspecao 14.2 (2009): 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-92242009000200011
  25. Leighfield, C., and M. N. James, "The conclusion from one million tonnes of experience in galvanizing steel-LMAC is not a primary instigator of cracking," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 106, 2019
  26. Xiao, L., et al. "Reducing "cold shut" defects in the "H" process aided by computer simulation," International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp.71-81, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.1998.11819260
  27. Motoyama, Yuichi, et al. "Verification of the simulated residual stress in the cross section of gray cast iron stress lattice shape casting via thermal stress analysis," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 45, no. 4, pp.2315-2325, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2126-8
  28. Kopycin ski, D., E. Guzik, and A. Szczesny. "The effect of the number of eutectic grains on coating growth during hot dip galvanising of ductile iron castings," Archives of Foundry Engineering, vol. 14, 2014.
  29. Torrance, J. W., and D. M. Stefanescu, "Investigation on the effect of surface roughness on the static mechanical properties of thin-wall ductile iron castings," AFS Transactions, vol. 112, pp. 757-772, Feb., 2004.