• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.132-135
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• 2004

High-performance concrete (HPC) may be expected to differ from usual concrete with respect to shrinkage behavior, and it shows high autogenous shrinkage due to the use of very low water-binder ratio (w/b) and various admixtures. Therefore, in order to minimize the shrinkage stress and to ensure the service life of concrete structure, volumetric change of HPC should be understood. In this study, small prisms made of HPC with w/b of 0.32 and blast-furnace slag content of $0\%,\;30\%,\;and\;50\%$ were prepared to measure the volumetric changes such as autogenous shrinkage, drying shrinkage, and swelling under three different curing conditions. It was observed that the concrete cured. sealed condition showed only autogenous shrinkage while the concrete let to dry condition at temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity of $60\%$ during the test period showed both autogenous and drying shrinkage. Moreover, the concrete exposed to dry condition after 2-day water curing swelled and then started to shrink with age. The total shrinkage (autogenous+drying) of this concrete was smaller than that of the concrete cured dry condition, especially at early-age. Therefore, the early-age moisture curing is very effective to control or minimize the volumetric change and its induced stress of HPC.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.457-466
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• 2003

The aim of study was to investigate the effect of flow, specimen geometry and adhesion on the measurement of linear polymerization shrinkage of light cured composite resins using linear shrinkage measuring device. Four commercially available composites - an anterior posterior hybrid composite Z100, a posterior packable composite P60 and two flowable composites, Filtek flow and Tetric flow-were studied. The linear polymerization shrinkage of composites was determined using 'bonded disc method' and 'non-bond-ed' free shrinkage method at varying C-factor in the range of 1∼8 by changing specimen geometry. These measured linear shrinkage values were compared with free volumetric shrinkage values. The viscosity and flow of composites were determined and compared by measuring the dropping speed of metal rod under constant load. In non-bonded method, the linear shrinkage approximated one third of true volumetric shrink-age by isotropic contraction. However, in bonded disc method, as the bonded surface increased the linear shrinkage increased up to volumetric shrinkage value by anisotropic contraction. The linear shrinkage value increased with increasing C-factor and approximated true volumetric shrinkage and reached plateau at about C-factor 5∼6. The more flow the composite was, reduced linear shrinkage was measured by compensation radial flow.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2016

PEG (Polyethylene glycol) impregnation in wood reduces the occurrence of checking during kiln drying. The volumetric shrinkages of wood PEG impregnated by pressure (PEG-P) or soaking (PEG-S) methods, and oven-dried by vent (VD) or air-tight (AD) methods were measured and compared with the controls. The average oven-dry weight of PEG impregnated specimens was larger than that of the controls by 3.6 g, but was not influenced by the drying methods. The average of the total volumetric shrinkage of PEG-P-VD specimens was the least (2.3%), while that of CON-S-AD specimens was the largest (28.9%). Within a drying method the total volumetric shrinkage of the control was the largest followed by PEG-S and PEG-P specimens, which implied that residual PEG in wood restrained its shrinkage during drying.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2004

The applications of dental restorative composite resins containing 2,2-bis [4-(2-hydroxy-3-me-thacryloyloxy propoxy) phenyl] propane as a base resin, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, as a diluent, were often limited in dentistry due to the relatively large amount of volumetric shrinkage that occurs during the curing reaction. In this study, in order to reduce volumetric shrinkage of the current dental restorative composite resin, asymmetric spiro orthocarbonates were synthesized and then the characteristics of resin composites containing them were explored. The volumetric shrinkage of the dental composites containing spiro orthocarbonates was decreased approximately 45%. However, the curing characteristics and mechanical properties of the new dental composites were slightly poor than those of the commercially available dental composite.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.294-299
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• 2008

Collapse is an abnormal shrinkage resulting in uneven, rough surfaces and/or warping of sawn timber. The maximum abnormal shrinkages of the oak and persimmon specimens were obtained by the quasi-equilibrium drying and were compared with the other drying methods. The effect of steaming and freezing treatments on the shrinkage of wood was also investigated. The Quasi-equilibrium drying used in this study was proved as a good tool to make the maximum abnormal shrinkage of wood. The maximum abnormal volumetric shrinkage possibly caused by collapse could be 16.3% and 14.3% for the oak and persimmon specimens, respectively. In general the steaming-treated specimens shrank less than the controls for the oak specimens, but did more for the persimmon specimens. The volumetric shrinkages of the freezing-treated specimens were more various between the drying methods than those of the control and steaming-treated specimens.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2001

The polymerization shrinkage of composite resins is an important drawback although the composites have many advantages-more esthetic and conservative than metallic restoratives etc. The purposes of this research were to develop a new measurement method and to manufacture an instrument that can measure the initial dynamic volumetric shrinkage of composite resins during polymerization. The instrument was basically an electromagnetic balance that constructed with a force transducer using position sensitive photo detector(PSPD) and a negative feedback servo amplifier of proportional-derivative(PD) controller. The volumetric change of composites during polymerization was detected continuously as buoyancy change in distilled water by means of Archimedes's principle. It was converted to continuous electrical voltage signal in real time. The signal was properly conditioned and filtered and then it was stored in computer by a data acquisition(DAQ) board. By using this electronic instrument. the dynamic patterns of the polymerization shrinkage of eight commercial(Z-100, DenFil, AeliteFil, Z-250, P-60, SureFil, Synergy compact, and Tetric ceram) composite resins were measured and compared. The results were as follows. 1. From this project of developing instrument, the ability has been achieved that can acquire and process data of electrical signal transformed from various physical phenomenon by using temperature, displacement. photo. and force transducer. As a consequence, the instrumentation and measurement system used to analyze the physical characteristics of various dental materials in dental research field can be designed, manufactured and implemented in lab. 2. This instrument has some advantages. It was insensible to temperature change and could measure true dynamic volumetric shrinkage in real time without complicated process. It showed accuracy and high precision results with small standard deviation. 3. The polymerization shrinkage of composites was significantly different between brands and ranged from 2.47％ to 3.89％, The order of polymerization shrinkage was as follows, in order of increasing shrinkage, SureFil, P60, Z250, Z100, Synergy compact. DenFil, Tetric ceram, and AeliteFil. 4. The polymerization shrinkage rate per unit time, dVol％/dt, showed that the instrument can provide an indirect research method for polymerization reaction kinetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.60-65
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• 2010

Injection molding process is one of the popular manufacturing methods to produce plastic parts with high efficiency and low cost. The tub-drum for drum type washer is made by an insert injection molding process with aluminum alloy insert of windmill type and has a big and complex structure consisted of many ribs to sustain the strength. In this paper, the volumetric shrinkages of rib part and bottom part surrounded by a windmill type insert are analyzed according to the vertical and circumferential direction of tub-drum. Volumetric shrinkage and its difference according to the height or radius of tub drum inform the designer to reduce the warpage of tub drum, and the optimal design of tub drum can be done from the those results. The change of volumetric shrinkage according to packing pressure is also analyzed. It is very important to analyze the volumetric shrinkage of tub drum because it generates the wearing phenomena at the rotating part connected to an aluminum alloy insert due to the warpage of tub drum.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of high strength cement paste and silica fume and fly ash and sand to cement ratio by the method of volumetric tests, and also investigate the autogenous shrinkage of high measurement method, and compare the results of volumetric test and linear length measurement test. A series of cement paste which have W/C ratio of 25%, 35%, 45% respectively were planed to study the effect of the W/C ratio to the shrinkages, and a series of cement paste which were replaced the cement by the silica fume and fly ash with 5%, 10%, 15% as the mass of cement respectively were planed to investigate the effects of poazolana to the shrinkages. A series of mortar which have a C/S ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 respectively were planed to investigate the shrinkage resistant effect of aggregate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.70-76
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• 2011

This paper presents an optimization procedure for reducing warpage of injection molded part by using a volumetric shrinkage deviation as an objective function. A design of experiments based on orthogonal arrays was used in the optimization procedure, and the entire optimization was performed through a two stage process - a preliminary experimentation and a principal experimentation. Proposed optimization method was applied to the design of a CPU-base part in computer. With the moderate number of experiments, an optimal molding condition for uniform distribution of volumetric shrinkage was obtained, as a result, the warpage of the molded part was significantly reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

Red pine (Pinus densiflora) has been used for structural wood members of Korean traditional residence (HANOK) and historic wooden structures. For these constructions, generally, natural drying has conducted for long time; however, unless drying is conducted sufficiently, it could cause several drying defects such as check or warping. Shrinkage changes of red pine species for small clear specimens and big-size specimens according to the conditions of moisture contents, were examined. For the estimation of volumetric shrinkage at a special moisture content, it was more precise to divide the range of moisture contents into two groups, green to air-dry and air-dry to oven-dry. The volumetric shrinkage had no difference with specimen sizes in sapwood, but decreased as specimen size increased in heartwood.